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Politics and Governance

Indonesia Welcomes Its First Aircraft Carrier KRI Sriwijaya As ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi Arrives in Jakarta

by Jia Lissa
written by Jia Lissa

The modernization of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) reached a historic milestone on Friday, September 18, 2026, with the arrival of the former Italian Navy aircraft carrier ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi at Pier 107 of Tanjung Priok Port in North Jakarta. This momentous event marks the official entry of a light aircraft carrier into the inventory of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL), transforming the strategic landscape of Southeast Asia’s maritime defense architecture.

The vessel, previously bearing the hull number C551 during its decades-long service under the Italian flag, is slated to undergo a formal commissioning and flag-transfer ceremony on September 24, 2026. Upon completion of this handover protocol, the vessel will be officially christened as KRI Sriwijaya, honoring the historic maritime empire that once dominated the regional waters of the archipelago. While the ship’s arrival has ignited widespread public interest and renewed national debates regarding the conceptual definition and strategic utility of an aircraft carrier, military leadership has outlined a pragmatic vision tailored to Indonesia’s unique geographic realities. Rather than functioning strictly as a blue-water power projection platform for offensive combat, KRI Sriwijaya is initially designated to serve as a versatile mobile command hub, logistics base, and floating platform for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR).

Chronology and Strategic Milestones

The integration of the Italian carrier into the Indonesian fleet is the culmination of extensive bilateral defense diplomacy and technical evaluations between Jakarta and Rome. Preliminary discussions regarding the transfer of the decommissioned Italian asset began years prior, driven by TNI AL’s long-term strategic blueprint to enhance maritime domain awareness and power projection across its vast archipelagic territory.

Following formal agreements, the vessel embarked on its lengthy transit voyage from Italy to Indonesian waters, navigating critical global maritime chokepoints before docking at Tanjung Priok Port on September 18, 2026. The coming days will see rigorous administrative and technical preparations leading up to the official commissioning ceremony on September 24, 2026, where the Indonesian Red and White flag will be permanently hoisted.

Following the flag-changing ceremony, the vessel will not immediately enter active combat deployment. Instead, Chief of Staff of the Navy (KSAL) Admiral Muhammad Ali has confirmed that KRI Sriwijaya will undergo a comprehensive phase of physical remediation, structural evaluations, and engine overhaul. These engineering works are critical to aligning the vessel’s legacy systems with the operational standards, logistical support networks, and specific strategic needs of the TNI AL.

Anatomy of a Floating Airbase

The acquisition of KRI Sriwijaya has brought the term "aircraft carrier" back into the public discourse, prompting a clearer understanding of what distinguishes this class of warship from conventional naval vessels. At its core, an aircraft carrier is a specialized, large-scale warship designed with a primary mission: serving as a mobile airfield on the open ocean.

Unlike standard surface combatants such as frigates, corvettes, or destroyers—which rely primarily on surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles, and naval guns as their main offensive and defensive capabilities—an aircraft carrier centers its tactical utility around an expansive flight deck, an aircraft hangar, aviation maintenance bays, and specialized aviation fuel storage systems. This architecture allows the vessel to launch, recover, house, and service fixed-wing aircraft or rotary-wing assets far from land-based airfields.

While size is an unmistakable visual identifier, naval architects emphasize that hull dimensions alone do not define a carrier. The defining characteristics lie in the specialized infrastructure required to manage flight operations at sea. Modern military doctrines, including those outlined by the United States Navy, view aircraft carriers not merely as weapons platforms, but as multi-mission expeditionary hubs capable of executing sea control, power projection, maritime security enforcement, and rapid disaster response.

Understanding the Design and Operational Profile of Giuseppe Garibaldi

Originally commissioned into the Italian Navy in 1985, the ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi was constructed primarily as a light aircraft carrier tailored for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and the operation of vertical/short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft. Displacing approximately 13,850 tons standard and around 14,150 tons fully loaded, the ship measures roughly 180 meters in length with a beam of nearly 33.4 meters.

Historically, the vessel has operated fixed-wing tactical aircraft such as the AV-8B Harrier II, alongside a diverse complement of anti-submarine and utility helicopters, including the Agusta-Bell AB-212 and Agusta EH-101. Its ski-jump ramp—angled at roughly 6.5 degrees—was specifically engineered to assist V/STOL aircraft in achieving airborne capability with heavier payload capacities.

Despite its fixed-wing heritage, the TNI AL has signaled a pragmatic approach regarding the aviation complement for KRI Sriwijaya. While military officials have expressed long-term aspirations for aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off, current operational plans emphasize a rotary-wing heavy configuration. The ship’s expansive flight deck and hangar facilities are ideally suited to accommodate medium and heavy-lift helicopters, maritime surveillance assets, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones.

Operational Doctrine: Prioritizing Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP)

The integration of KRI Sriwijaya into the Indonesian fleet represents a calculated shift toward addressing the nation’s specific security and infrastructural vulnerabilities. As the world’s largest archipelagic state—comprising more than 17,000 islands spanning three time zones—Indonesia faces persistent logistical challenges during national emergencies.

Chief of Staff of the Navy Admiral Muhammad Ali emphasized that the vessel will play a pivotal role in Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP, Operasi Militer Selain Perang). Given Indonesia’s geographic location along the volatile Pacific Ring of Fire and the equatorial typhoon belt, natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe flooding present recurring threats.

During catastrophic events, traditional land-based infrastructure—including roads, bridges, and regional airports—is frequently compromised, severely delaying humanitarian relief efforts. KRI Sriwijaya offers a strategic solution to this vulnerability. Operating as a sovereign floating base, the carrier can position itself safely off a disaster-affected coastline, deploying a fleet of heavy-lift helicopters and drones to ferry emergency medical supplies, potable water, food rations, and rescue personnel directly into isolated zones. Furthermore, the ship’s internal medical facilities and command-and-control infrastructure provide a mobile headquarters for coordinating multi-agency disaster response operations.

Diplomatic Engagement and International Context

The transfer of the Italian aircraft carrier has also drawn significant diplomatic attention. Reports from state news agency ANTARA indicate high-level government involvement, including confirmations from the Ministry of State Secretariat regarding upcoming high-level meetings between the Indonesian President and visiting representatives of the Italian Navy and defense industry.

Defense analysts note that the acquisition serves as a testament to strengthening bilateral relations between Jakarta and Rome. For Italy, transferring a legacy asset to a rising regional power like Indonesia provides a pathway for sustained defense industrial cooperation, maintenance partnerships, and future procurement dialogues. For Indonesia, acquiring a pre-owned, combat-proven hull offers a cost-effective shortcut to gaining critical operational experience in fixed-deck aviation management without incurring the exorbitant costs associated with commissioning a newly built supercarrier.

Comparative Advantage Over Standard Surface Combatants

To fully appreciate the strategic value of KRI Sriwijaya, defense experts point to the fundamental differences between an aircraft carrier and conventional surface warships. While modern Indonesian frigates and missile corvettes routinely embark a single naval helicopter for utility or anti-submarine tasks, their primary design parameters focus on surface-to-air missile defense, torpedo countermeasures, and anti-surface warfare.

These warships lack the extensive aviation fuel reserves, dedicated ordnance magazines, multi-tier maintenance hangars, and flight control architecture necessary to sustain high-tempo air operations involving multiple aircraft simultaneously. By contrast, KRI Sriwijaya functions essentially as an offshore, floating air station. This capability drastically expands the operational radius of embarked helicopters and drones, removing the tether of fixed-range land bases and allowing the TNI AL to maintain persistent aerial surveillance over remote maritime boundaries, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and critical sea lanes of communication (ALKI).

Implications for Indonesia’s Regional Defense Posture

The arrival of KRI Sriwijaya marks a psychological and structural turning point for Indonesia’s defense posture. While skeptics frequently debate the utility of light carriers in modern anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) threat environments, naval strategists argue that the vessel’s primary utility for Indonesia lies not in power-projecting fleet battles, but in multi-domain command, humanitarian resilience, and comprehensive maritime domain awareness.

By serving as a mobile command and control platform, KRI Sriwijaya enhances the Indonesian Navy’s capacity to orchestrate complex joint operations across dispersed maritime theaters. The ability to deploy vertical-lift assets and unmanned systems rapidly from a sovereign platform provides unprecedented flexibility in both peacetime security patrols and crisis management scenarios.

As the final preparations for the September 24 commissioning ceremony progress at Tanjung Priok, the defense establishment and the public alike look toward a new chapter in Indonesian naval history. With the Red andSoon-to-be-christened KRI Sriwijaya set to fly the Indonesian flag, the nation stands poised to integrate its first-ever aircraft carrier into a defensive doctrine that balances regional security with humanitarian readiness.

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National News

Portugal secures dominant position in UEFA Nations League Group A4 after hard-fought 2-1 victory over Norway at Ullevaal Stadion

by Muslim
written by Muslim

Portugal maintained their perfect start to the UEFA Nations League campaign, securing a vital 2-1 victory against Norway at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo on Sunday evening. The result, which saw Goncalo Ramos capitalize on a critical goalkeeping blunder, propelled the Seleção das Quinas to the summit of Group A4 with a maximum of six points from two matches. While the absence of Cristiano Ronaldo from the starting lineup dominated the pre-match headlines, the collective tactical discipline of Jorge Jesus’ side ultimately proved the difference in a high-intensity encounter.

The match served as a stark reminder of the evolving landscape in European international football, where tactical adaptability often outweighs individual reputation. For Norway, the defeat represents a significant setback in their quest for top-tier survival, leaving them trailing Portugal by three points as the competition moves into its middle phase.

A Tactical Masterclass at the Ullevaal

Under the tactical direction of Jorge Jesus, Portugal adopted a fluid, high-pressing system designed to disrupt Norway’s rhythm. The decision to bench Cristiano Ronaldo in favor of Goncalo Ramos was a clear signal of intent: Portugal prioritized movement and defensive transitions over the stationary target-man approach.

The match began with high intensity, as both sides sought to establish dominance in the midfield. Portugal’s early control was facilitated by the defensive pairing of Ruben Dias and Renato Veiga, who effectively neutralized the space between the lines. Joao Neves provided the engine room with necessary dynamism, linking play between the defensive third and the attacking trio of Pedro Neto, Joao Felix, and Francisco Conceicao.

Norway, urged on by a vocal home crowd, sought to leverage the physicality of Erling Haaland. However, the service to the Manchester City forward was sporadic in the opening twenty minutes, as Portugal’s midfield duo of Joao Palhinha and Neves stifled the passing lanes intended for Martin Odegaard.

Chronology of the Match

The breakthrough arrived in the 17th minute. Following a sustained period of possession, Pedro Neto executed a precise cut-back from the flank. Joao Felix, operating in the half-space, met the delivery with a clinical, low-driven strike that bypassed the outstretched hands of Orjan Nyland, nestling into the bottom left corner. It was a goal that reflected Portugal’s patience and technical superiority during the early exchanges.

Norway responded with increased vigor after the halftime interval. The equalizer, arriving in the 51st minute, was a testament to the persistence of the Norwegian squad. Martin Odegaard’s curling free-kick forced a spectacular parry from Diogo Costa, but the resulting scramble saw Patrick Berg recycle the ball with a clever header. Erling Haaland, positioning himself with typical instinct, pounced on the loose ball to level the score at 1-1, sending the Ullevaal crowd into a frenzy.

The parity was short-lived, however. Just three minutes after conceding, Norway’s aspirations were undone by a momentary lapse in concentration. Orjan Nyland, under minimal pressure, attempted an ill-advised clearance that was intercepted by the opportunistic Goncalo Ramos. With the composure of a seasoned veteran, Ramos chipped the ball over the stranded goalkeeper, restoring Portugal’s lead in the 54th minute.

Despite Norway’s late surge and the introduction of fresh legs, Portugal’s defense held firm. A late scare saw Rafael Leao nearly extend the lead, only for his deflected effort to rattle the woodwork, while a second goal by Ramos was ruled out by the VAR officials for a marginal offside decision.

Statistical Breakdown and Performance Analysis

The statistical narrative of the match underscores the efficiency of the Portuguese approach. Portugal registered 54% possession throughout the 90 minutes, a figure that masks the intent of their play. While Norway attempted 12 shots, only four were on target, highlighting the effectiveness of the Portuguese defensive block.

Joao Felix’s performance was particularly notable, as the playmaker operated with a freedom that frequently bypassed the Norwegian defensive structure. His goal-scoring contribution, combined with the tireless running of Pedro Neto, created a constant threat for the Norwegian fullbacks, Julian Ryerson and Fredrik Aursnes.

Conversely, Norway’s reliance on Erling Haaland proved to be a double-edged sword. While the striker remains the focal point of their attacking strategy, the lack of secondary scoring options became apparent as the match progressed. Martin Odegaard’s creative output was stifled by the disciplined marking of Joao Palhinha, who recorded the highest number of successful tackles in the match.

Group A4 Standings and Wider Implications

The implications of this result extend beyond the three points gained. With two wins from two, Portugal now occupies the top spot in Group A4, distancing themselves from their rivals. Denmark’s 2-0 victory over Wales in the parallel fixture has moved the Danes into third place, while Wales remains winless at the bottom of the table.

This standing is crucial for the UEFA Nations League structure, as the top two finishers in the group will progress to the knockout stages, while the bottom-ranked team faces the prospect of relegation to League B. For Portugal, this start provides a cushion that allows for further experimentation in upcoming fixtures. For Norway, the focus must now shift to their next encounter, where they will need to address the defensive errors that proved costly against the Portuguese.

Insights into Managerial Decisions

The decision to utilize Goncalo Ramos over Cristiano Ronaldo was a subject of much debate in the post-match press conference. Jorge Jesus remained stoic, emphasizing that the selection was purely tactical.

"We are playing a schedule that demands high intensity and constant pressing," Jesus noted in his post-match summary. "Goncalo offers a profile that allows us to maintain that pressure for ninety minutes. It is not about the names; it is about the system that best counters the opposition’s strengths."

The success of this strategy—evidenced by the winning goal originating from a high press—suggests that the Portuguese coaching staff is prioritizing a system-first philosophy. This evolution indicates a transition phase for the national team, as they look to integrate younger talent while balancing the immense legacy of their senior stars.

The Path Forward

As the UEFA Nations League continues, the focus for both teams will be on consistency. Portugal travels to face Denmark in their next encounter, a match that will likely determine the eventual group winner. The victory over Norway has provided the Seleção with the momentum needed for such a high-stakes clash.

For Norway, the road back to contention is narrower. They face Wales in a must-win game, where the absence of defensive errors will be paramount. The quality shown by Odegaard and Haaland suggests that Norway possesses the talent to compete at the elite level, but the transition from creating chances to converting them—and maintaining defensive stability—remains their primary hurdle.

Fact-Based Context: The UEFA Nations League Format

It is important to contextualize this match within the broader framework of the UEFA Nations League. Designed to replace friendly internationals with competitive fixtures, the tournament has increased the stakes for teams across Europe. The significance of this victory for Portugal lies in the coefficient rankings, which influence seeding for future FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship qualification cycles.

Furthermore, the data from this match highlights a recurring theme in modern international football: the importance of the "transitional phase." Both of Portugal’s goals originated from rapid transitions, either through structured play or forced errors. This reflects a broader trend in the European game where teams that can capitalize on high-intensity turnovers are increasingly finding success.

Conclusion

The encounter at the Ullevaal Stadion was a masterclass in opportunistic football. Portugal demonstrated the maturity to absorb pressure, the tactical discipline to exploit weaknesses, and the clinical edge to secure the result. While the goalkeeping error by Nyland was the decisive moment, it was the product of a persistent, high-pressure system implemented by Portugal.

As the dust settles on this second round of Group A4 fixtures, the table paints a clear picture of the current hierarchy. Portugal sits at the summit, not merely through individual brilliance, but through a cohesive, tactical effort that suggests they are well-equipped for the challenges of the tournament’s latter stages. The international break may be concluding, but the narratives established in Oslo will undoubtedly shape the tactical discourse in European football for months to come.

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National News

Switzerland at a Crossroads: The High-Stakes Battle Over Permanent Neutrality in a Changing European Security Landscape

by Siti Muinah
written by Siti Muinah

The Swiss Confederation, a nation that successfully navigated the turbulence of two world wars and the protracted standoff of the Cold War without compromising its foundational foreign policy, now faces an existential debate regarding its international identity. As the geopolitical shockwaves of Russia’s war against Ukraine continue to reshape the European security architecture, the concept of Swiss neutrality is under unprecedented domestic scrutiny. On September 27, Swiss voters will head to the polls to decide a pivotal constitutional question: whether to enshrine a stricter, inflexible definition of permanent neutrality into the nation’s foundational law, a move that could fundamentally alter Bern’s diplomatic autonomy, economic sanction policies, and security partnerships.

The upcoming national referendum centers on a popular initiative formally titled Maintaining Swiss Neutrality. If approved, the measure would explicitly codify "permanent and armed" neutrality into the Swiss Federal Constitution. This legislative tightening would severely restrict the government’s capacity to join or cooperate with foreign military and defense alliances, barring direct threats or actual military incursions against Swiss territory. Furthermore, the initiative seeks to strip the government of its discretion to impose economic sanctions on belligerent nations, limiting such punitive measures strictly to mandates issued by the United Nations. While exemptions would protect Switzerland from being used as a loophole by third countries to bypass international sanctions, the overall constraint represents a sharp departure from the pragmatic, adaptable approach that has defined Swiss foreign policy for decades.

Chronology of Swiss Neutrality: From Marignano to Modern Times

To understand the weight of the September 27 vote, one must examine the historical evolution of Swiss neutrality, which is neither a static dogma nor a product of a single historical decree. The origins of this doctrine can be traced back more than five centuries.

In 1515, the devastating defeat of the Swiss Confederation at the Battle of Marignano by French and Venetian forces served as a harsh strategic lesson, prompting the Swiss to abandon offensive expansionism in favor of defensive self-reliance. This trajectory was reinforced by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which effectively recognized the Swiss Confederation’s independence from the Holy Roman Empire.

However, the definitive turning point for modern Swiss neutrality occurred in the 19th century. Following the tumultuous Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna in 2015 formally recognized and guaranteed the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland as a vital instrument for European stability. The Great Powers of Europe acknowledged that a neutral Switzerland served as a useful buffer zone between rival continental empires.

When the modern federal state of Switzerland was established in 1848, neutrality was integrated into its constitutional framework. This status was further codified by the 1907 Hague Conventions, which established the specific rights and duties of neutral powers during times of international armed conflict—obligations that strictly prohibited neutral states from participating in military campaigns or providing material military aid to combatants, while still allowing for humanitarian assistance and normal commercial trade under regulated conditions.

The Debate Over Flexibility Versus Rigidity

The core tension driving the current political showdown lies between two fundamentally opposing philosophies of statecraft: pragmatic adaptability versus absolute constitutional rigidity.

The Swiss Federal Council, the executive branch, and the federal parliament have mounted a unified opposition against the popular initiative. Their central argument is that Switzerland’s historical success relies precisely on its ability to interpret neutrality dynamically in response to evolving geopolitical realities. By retaining interpretive flexibility, Bern has historically managed to uphold its security and independence while adapting to shifting global paradigms.

Addressing the campaign launch in early August, Swiss Foreign Minister Ignazio Cassis forcefully defended the government’s position. "The current form of neutrality guarantees Switzerland’s freedom, security, and independence," Cassis stated during a press briefing. Emphasizing the practical benefits of the status quo, he added, "It is precisely the ability to respond appropriately to new challenges that makes our neutrality strong. It has proven its worth, not because it is rigid, but because it is applied wisely and responsibly."

Conversely, the proponents of the "Maintaining Swiss Neutrality" initiative argue that this very flexibility has become a liability. They contend that under mounting external pressure—particularly from Western allies following the outbreak of the Ukraine war—Switzerland has drifted from its core principles. The government’s decision to align with European Union economic sanctions against Moscow in 2022 was cited by critics as a dangerous departure from traditional impartiality, opening the door to creeping alignment with Western military blocs such as NATO. For the initiative’s supporters, neutrality must be insulated from fluctuating political expediencies and shielded from foreign diplomatic arm-twisting.

Implications for European Security and International Mediation

A "yes" vote on September 27 would carry profound implications not only for domestic Swiss governance but also for the broader international community.

First, it would significantly curtail Switzerland’s role as an economic actor during international crises. By stripping Bern of the autonomy to impose autonomous sanctions, the nation would lose a key diplomatic tool used to align itself with democratic values and human rights standards without resorting to military means. Critics of the initiative warn that this restriction could isolate Switzerland economically and diplomatically, tarnishing its reputation as a reliable partner in upholding international law.

Second, the initiative explicitly mandates that Switzerland must actively leverage its strict neutrality to bolster its traditional role as a neutral mediator. Geneva has long served as a premier global hub for international diplomacy, hosting the headquarters of numerous United Nations agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and countless high-stakes peace talks. Proponents argue that a return to unyielding neutrality will enhance Switzerland’s credibility as an honest broker, making it an indispensable venue for future peace negotiations between warring factions.

However, opponents counter that strict isolationism could backfire, rendering Switzerland irrelevant rather than trusted. In an interconnected global economy where financial systems, cyber security, and technological supply chains dictate national security, absolute non-engagement may no longer be viable. European security analysts note that European nations currently facing heightened tensions with Russia view hesitant or overly rigid neutral states with growing skepticism, potentially weakening collective continental resilience against hybrid warfare and transnational threats.

Looking Ahead to the Referendum

As the campaign enters its final weeks, public discourse within Switzerland has intensified. The debate transcends traditional partisan divides, touching deep-seated national values regarding sovereignty, humanitarian responsibility, and global engagement.

Regardless of the outcome, the September 27 referendum will mark a defining chapter in the history of the Swiss Confederation. It will either reinforce the historical walls of absolute neutrality or validate the modern, adaptive approach that has allowed the small Alpine nation to navigate centuries of European conflict while maintaining its independence at the crossroads of the continent.

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Business and Finance

Pertamina Patra Niaga Unveils SPBU Signature Concept to Elevate Consumer Experience and Focus on Non-Subsidized Fuel Retail Across Greater Jakarta

by Siti Muinah
written by Siti Muinah

The landscape of retail fuel distribution in Indonesia is undergoing a notable transformation as PT Pertamina Patra Niaga, the commercial and trading sub-holding of state-owned energy giant PT Pertamina (Persero), aggressively rolls out its premium retail concept known as SPBU Signature. Designed to redefine the traditional gas station visit, this initiative shifts the operational paradigm from a transactional pitstop for vehicle refuelers into a comprehensive, multi-functional roadside hub equipped with elevated hospitality standards, high-end convenience retail, and essential automotive maintenance services.

The rollout of the SPBU Signature network represents a strategic divergence from conventional fuel stations. While standard outlets continue to cater to the broad spectrum of society by distributing both subsidized and non-subsidized energy products, SPBU Signature stations are intentionally curated to exclusively market premium, non-subsidized fuel variants. This includes Pertamina’s flagship high-octane gasoline lineups under the Pertamax Series and advanced diesel formulations under the Dex Series. By prioritizing premium products, Pertamina aims to capture the growing demographic of modern motorists who demand superior fuel quality for higher-compression engines while simultaneously optimizing fuel distribution efficiency in congested urban centers.

Evolution and Chronology of the SPBU Signature Deployment

The genesis of the SPBU Signature concept dates back to initial pilot programs in upscale metropolitan zones, with the Pondok Indah station in South Jakarta serving as the pioneering blueprint. Recognizing the positive reception from motorists who valued enhanced comfort and cleaner facilities, Pertamina Patra Niaga steadily expanded the concept throughout the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Jabodetabek) agglomeration.

By the initial development phase, the state-owned enterprise had successfully brought approximately 10 strategic locations under the Signature umbrella. These included high-traffic commercial and residential corridors such as Modernland, Fatmawati 01, S. Parman, Ceger, Pasar Minggu, Kembangan, Cikarang, Cibubur, and Cideng.

As part of its continuous service optimization, the expansion accelerated further. By 2026, the network footprint expanded significantly, with at least 13 key stations across Jakarta, Depok, and Bogor fully transitioned into SPBU Signature status. The systematic upgrades involved phasing out the sale of subsidized commodities—specifically Pertalite (RON 90) and Bio Solar—at these specific locations. The updated roster of Signature stations now incorporates prominent thoroughfares including Jalan Sultan Iskandar Muda, Jalan Peternakan II Cengkareng, Jalan Cideng Timur, Jalan Pos Pengumben, Jalan Pangeran Antasari, Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani, Jalan Raya Bina Marga Ceger, the Muara Baru commercial zone, Pondok Rangon in East Jakarta, locations in Depok, and Jalan Raya Letnan Sukarna in Ciampea, Bogor Regency.

Comprehensive Facilities Designed for Modern Motorists

What sets SPBU Signature apart from legacy fueling stations is the meticulous attention paid to non-fuel retail (NFR) and customer comfort amenities. Understanding that urban commuters and long-distance drivers frequently require more than just a full tank, Pertamina has integrated a suite of value-added facilities into each Signature location.

First, hygiene and spiritual needs are prioritized through the provision of meticulously maintained restrooms adhering to stringent cleanliness standards, alongside spacious, well-equipped musala (prayer rooms) furnished with clean ablution areas and comprehensive prayer apparel.

Second, retail and sustenance needs are anchored by the presence of Bright Store outlets. These convenience stores go beyond basic kiosk offerings, providing a rich inventory of fresh bakery items, hot and cold beverages, gourmet popcorn, instant meals, and exclusive Pertamina merchandise. Furthermore, select locations feature dedicated rest areas paired with artisanal coffee shops, giving drivers an environment conducive to combating driver fatigue before resuming their journeys.

Third, automotive care has been upgraded through on-site ancillary services. Motorists can access professional tire-patching (tambal ban) services and nitrogen inflation booths, allowing them to perform routine, minor vehicle maintenance on the spot. In addition, Pertamina Patra Niaga introduced localized promotional incentives to reward premium fuel consumers. For instance, motorists purchasing a minimum of Rp350,000 worth of non-subsidized fuel at designated Signature stations are entitled to complimentary tire-shining (semir ban) services, though these specific perks remain subject to localized operational terms.

Redefining Customer Service and Operational Dynamics

Beyond physical infrastructure, the human element forms a cornerstone of the SPBU Signature model. Operational guidelines mandate a shift in the demeanor and capabilities of frontline service personnel. Station attendants (operator) undergo specialized training to deliver a more interactive and consultative service experience. Beyond executing routine fueling operations, personnel are trained to proactively assist motorists, provide clear navigation around station facilities, and educate consumers on ongoing loyalty rewards, digital payment ecosystems, and promotional campaigns available through the MyPertamina application.

Addressing Public Concerns Over Subsidized Fuel Availability

The conversion of multiple strategic stations into SPBU Signature formats has occasionally sparked public discourse and inquiries regarding the availability of subsidized energy products, particularly Pertalite. Regulatory bodies and corporate communications have repeatedly clarified that the transformation of these select stations is strictly a commercial upgrade initiative aimed at modernizing urban retail spaces.

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) alongside Pertamina Patra Niaga has assured the public that the exclusion of Pertalite and Bio Solar from SPBU Signature locations does not translate to a nationwide discontinuation of subsidized fuels. Motorists dependent on subsidized allocations can seamlessly access them at thousands of other conventional Pertamina retail stations operating across the country.

To prevent consumer friction and confusion, Pertamina provides digital directory tools via its official communication channels and mobile applications, allowing drivers to locate nearby stations based on specific fuel availability and facility requirements. Because network development is dynamic, station statuses and facility features are subject to continuous updates.

Strategic Implications and Future Outlook

The institutionalization of the SPBU Signature concept holds several profound implications for Indonesia’s downstream oil and gas sector. From an environmental and economic perspective, steering urban motorists toward high-octane, low-emission fuels like the Pertamax and Dex series aligns with broader national policies aimed at reducing vehicular emissions in densely populated metropolitan areas and improving engine efficiency.

Market analysts note that the strategy allows Pertamina to capture higher margins in urban centers where consumer purchasing power supports premium products, while simultaneously alleviating long queues frequently observed at standard stations dispensing subsidized fuels. By transforming gas stations into lifestyle and transit hubs, Pertamina is future-proofing its retail portfolio against broader macroeconomic shifts, such as the gradual penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), ensuring that its physical assets remain relevant community touchpoints for decades to come.

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Technology and Gadgets

Qualcomm Prepares Next-Gen Flagship SoC Codenamed Honu Targeting 5.4 GHz on TSMC 2nm Process

by Nana Muazin
written by Nana Muazin

Even as the mobile industry continues to digest and benchmark the newly launched Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 series, early intelligence regarding Qualcomm’s subsequent flagship mobile platform has already begun to surface within the semiconductor supply chain. According to preliminary reports originating from industry insiders and leaks tracking major foundry output, the San Diego-based chipmaker is actively developing its next-generation system-on-chip (SoC) under the internal codename "Honu." The upcoming architecture is projected to push single-core clock speeds to an unprecedented 5.4 GHz. However, despite the aggressive frequency targets, early performance simulations suggest that generational gains in benchmark outputs may see a relatively modest trajectory compared to its immediate predecessor.

The rumored platform, tentatively anticipated to debut commercially under a moniker such as the Snapdragon 8 Elite Extreme Gen 7—cataloged internally under the part number SM8A75—is widely expected to rely on Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company’s (TSMC) advanced 2nm N2P fabrication node. By sticking with a 2nm-class process node rather than migrating to a denser or entirely new process node right away, Qualcomm appears to be prioritizing architectural optimization, thermal efficiency, and manufacturing cost stabilization. Nonetheless, navigating the engineering hurdles of scaling performance to 5.4 GHz without triggering catastrophic thermal throttling remains a central focus for the company’s silicon design teams.

Main Facts and Technical Projections of the Honu Architecture

The core engineering objective behind the Honu project centers on maximizing single-threaded execution speed. Industry leaks indicate that Qualcomm is aiming for a sustained operating frequency window between 5.3 GHz and 5.4 GHz for its primary performance cores. Achieving this threshold typically demands substantial electrical current and introduces significant heat dissipation challenges in constrained smartphone chassis. However, early engineering samples suggest that Qualcomm has engineered the microarchitecture to maintain single-core power consumption levels roughly comparable to those observed in the Snapdragon 8 Elite Extreme Gen 6, which operates at a baseline clock speed of 5.0 GHz.

Despite the higher frequency ceiling, initial performance projections point toward a single-core score increase of less than 10 percent on standardized evaluation suites like Geekbench 6. This marginal efficiency gain per generational leap indicates that the industry is encountering diminishing returns when relying solely on clock speed increases within strict mobile thermal envelopes. Furthermore, comprehensive data regarding multi-core performance metrics, sustained load handling under extended gaming sessions, and the thermal design power (TDP) draw of the entire multi-cluster configuration remains undisclosed.

Evolution of Qualcomm’s Flagship Silicon Strategy

To understand the positioning of the Honu project, it is necessary to examine the rapid evolution of Qualcomm’s mobile platforms over recent cycles. Historically, mobile processors advanced through predictable iterations of node transitions and incremental core count adjustments. However, the introduction of custom Oryon CPU cores marked a strategic pivot for Qualcomm toward high-performance computing architectures capable of rivaling desktop counterparts in specific workloads.

Chronologically, the industry has transitioned from standard multi-cluster ARM-based designs to deeply integrated, high-frequency custom cores. The debut of the Snapdragon 8 Elite series established a new benchmark for flagship Android performance, emphasizing high-frequency operation and advanced neural processing capabilities. As Qualcomm rolled out successive iterations—culminating recently in the Gen 6 series—the focus expanded to include deeply integrated audio enhancements, such as the Snapdragon Sound Elite Gen 2 platform featuring doubled AI processing capabilities, and pervasive on-device machine learning operations.

The transition to the Honu architecture represents the next logical step in this timeline. By maintaining the N2P fabrication node, Qualcomm aligns its production roadmap with TSMC’s manufacturing milestones. TSMC’s N2P node is an optimized version of its base 2nm technology, offering enhanced performance and power efficiency characteristics over the initial N2 node variants. This strategic choice allows Qualcomm to leverage a mature or maturing high-end node while TSMC gradually redirects its cutting-edge capacity toward emerging 1.4nm nodes for future computing architectures.

Rumor: SoC Flagship Berikutnya dari Qualcomm Bakal Tembus 5.4 GHz?! • Jagat Gadget

Manufacturing Realities and Supply Chain Dynamics

The decision to utilize TSMC’s N2P fabrication process for the Honu platform highlights a broader economic and logistical reality facing the semiconductor industry: the escalating cost of leading-edge silicon manufacturing. Transitioning to smaller nodes—such as sub-2nm or 1.4nm thresholds—requires astronomical capital expenditure in lithography equipment, specifically Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) systems. By utilizing an iterated 2nm process, Qualcomm can potentially manage wafer costs more effectively, shielding original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and ultimately consumers from severe price hikes.

From a supply chain perspective, TSMC remains the primary foundry partner for Qualcomm’s top-tier Snapdragon lineup. The Taiwanese foundry’s capacity allocation plays a critical role in determining the release timeline and volume availability of flagship Android smartphones each year. Rumors surrounding the Honu chip suggest that Qualcomm is working closely with TSMC to ensure yield stability before locking in mass production schedules. Yet, because these details stem from preliminary supply chain tracking, the final commercial specifications, official marketing names, and definitive launch windows remain entirely unconfirmed by Qualcomm executives.

Analysis of Broader Market Implications

The emergence of details concerning the Honu SoC carries several critical implications for the broader mobile ecosystem. First, it underscores a shifting paradigm in mobile chipset marketing. For years, consumer tech marketing heavily emphasized raw clock speed milestones—breaking the 3 GHz barrier, then 4 GHz, and now approaching 5.4 GHz. However, as thermal limits in smartphones become increasingly restrictive, the practical utility of raw clock speed increases faces severe scrutiny.

If single-core performance increases by less than 10 percent despite a jump to 5.4 GHz, consumers and reviewers may question the tangible benefits of upgrading between consecutive generations. Consequently, manufacturers are forced to pivot their value propositions toward specialized capabilities, such as advanced on-device generative AI acceleration, hardware-accelerated ray tracing in mobile gaming, enhanced power efficiency for extended battery life, and superior wireless connectivity standards.

Second, the competitive landscape between Qualcomm, MediaTek, and Apple continues to intensify. With MediaTek pushing aggressive multi-core architectures and Apple maintaining tight hardware-software integration through its custom A-series silicon, Qualcomm cannot rely solely on frequency scaling to maintain its market share in the premium Android tier. The architectural enhancements embedded within the Honu platform must deliver meaningful real-world fluidity and energy efficiency rather than merely chasing high numbers on synthetic benchmarks.

Official Stance and Industry Outlook

As is standard corporate practice regarding unannounced product roadmaps, Qualcomm has declined to comment on the rumors surrounding the Honu codename or the specifications of its potential Snapdragon 8 Elite Extreme Gen 7 platform. Industry analysts note that engineering samples typically undergo multiple revisions before a final commercial design is approved for mass production. Consequently, early benchmark projections and frequency targets are subject to change as thermal testing, software optimization, and silicon tuning progress through the developmental pipeline.

For the time being, the mobile ecosystem remains firmly focused on the real-world deployment and optimization of the recently released Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 series and its accompanying ecosystem features. As further data points emerge from regulatory filings, code repositories, and supply chain manifests, a clearer picture of Qualcomm’s long-term silicon strategy will materialize, establishing whether the 5.4 GHz threshold will redefine high-end mobile computing performance or simply serve as an incremental stepping stone toward future architectural paradigms.

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Islamic and Religious Life

Muhammadiyah Economic Empowerment at Grassroots Level Faces Structural and Strategic Hurdles, Says Jakarta East Leader

by Asro
written by Asro

JAKARTA — Muhammadiyah, one of Indonesia’s largest and most influential Islamic socio-religious organizations, has long recognized the importance of economic independence as a core pillar of its missionary and social outreach (dakwah). However, despite possessing a vast network of Amal Usaha Muhammadiyah (AUM)—ranging from schools and hospitals to commercial enterprises—the economic mobilization at the grassroots level remains remarkably constrained. This structural limitation hampers the organization’s overarching goal of achieving comprehensive community upliftment and financial self-sufficiency.

This critical assessment was articulated by Muhammad Nur Rianto Al Arif, Chairman of the East Jakarta Regional Leadership (PD) of Muhammadiyah, on Friday, September 25, during the General Lecture (Pengajian Umum) hosted by the Central Leadership (PP) of Muhammadiyah at the Muhammadiyah Dakwah Building in Jakarta. His remarks have sparked a broader internal dialogue regarding the alignment of high-level economic strategies with the realities faced by branch (cabang) and sub-branch (ranting) units across the country.

The General Lecture series serves as a premier intellectual and organizational forum where scholars, leaders, and members of the Muhammadiyah fraternity gather to deliberate on pressing religious, social, and economic issues. In recent years, these sessions have increasingly focused on economic resilience, particularly in the wake of global economic shifts and post-pandemic recovery challenges. The platform provides a vital conduit for grassroots leaders to voice structural concerns directly to central policymakers, bridging the gap between strategic vision and localized execution.

The Structural Paradox of AUMs and Grassroots Dependency

At the heart of Nur’s critique is a profound structural paradox within the organization. While Muhammadiyah’s institutional wealth is visible through its thousands of AUMs, the tangible economic benefits often fail to cascade down to the grassroots communities, particularly at the branch and sub-branch levels.

For decades, the traditional mindset governing the establishment of AUMs has been heavily skewed toward social welfare and educational institutions—such as schools, mosques, and orphanages. While these entities fulfill the organization’s foundational mission of societal betterment, they frequently operate as cost centers rather than surplus-generating commercial enterprises. Consequently, lower-level administrative units remain heavily dependent on external funding or traditional logistical support derived primarily from educational AUMs.

This financial bottleneck severely restricts operational flexibility at the local level. During his address, Nur highlighted a practical consequence of this dependency, noting that routine organizational activities, such as training regional preachers (mubaligh), often face severe budgetary constraints. Without independent revenue streams, grassroots entities struggle to sustain autonomous programs, creating a perpetual cycle of reliance on central or institutional patronage.

Compounding this issue is the underrepresentation of entrepreneurs within the organization’s leadership structures. According to Nur, the scarcity of business-oriented leaders often instills a sense of institutional risk aversion. When confronted with high-value economic opportunities, leadership tiers frequently exhibit hesitation, citing a lack of operational readiness rather than capitalizing on scalable market potential.

"Actually, when there are many big opportunities that we can take on, we feel unready," Nur remarked during the lecture, illustrating how psychological barriers can impede institutional growth.

Market Fragmentation and Internal Competition

A glaring example of the grassroots economic disconnect highlighted during the lecture is the proliferation of Muhammadiyah-affiliated commercial products that lack centralized coordination. Nur pointed specifically to the packaged drinking water sector (AMDK), where multiple AUMs across different regions produce bottled water under various local brand names, all utilizing the Muhammadiyah affiliation.

Rather than creating a unified market force or building a powerhouse consumer brand, this decentralized approach leads to internal market fragmentation. Local branches and sub-branches are frequently targeted as captive consumer markets for competing internal brands, creating confusion among members regarding which products genuinely contribute surplus funds back to the central organizational mission.

"Everyone is playing their own game. And where do they sell it? Back to the regions, the branches, and the sub-branches," Nur explained, underscoring the counterproductive nature of uncoordinated internal competition.

This lack of strategic consolidation prevents the organization from leveraging its massive internal consumer base—comprising millions of active members, students, and institutional employees—into a cohesive economic powerhouse. In modern economic terms, the failure to aggregate demand and streamline supply chains leaves substantial value on the table, which could otherwise be channeled into community development funds.

Shifting Paradigms: Productive Waqf and Comprehensive Empowerment

To address these systemic challenges, leadership figures within the organization are increasingly advocating for a paradigm shift in asset utilization, particularly regarding religious endowments (waqf). Historically, waqf assets within Indonesian Muslim communities have been heavily dedicated to static social infrastructure, such as cemeteries, mosques, and Islamic boarding schools.

Nur and other economic reformers within Muhammadiyah argue for the modernization and diversification of waqf management into productive sectors. By channeling endowment assets into commercial ventures, agriculture, retail, and small-and-medium-enterprise (SME) financing, waqf can generate sustainable, recurring revenue streams that directly fund grassroots religious and social programs.

"When we talk about a progressive economic movement, we must talk about it comprehensively, talking about how the grassroots must also move," Nur asserted.

This comprehensive approach requires a deliberate strategy of supply chain integration, ensuring that micro-entrepreneurs and small business owners within the Muhammadiyah ecosystem are not merely treated as passive consumers or objects of charity, but as active participants in the economic value chain.

Broader Implications and Future Outlook

The candid discourse raised at the Jakarta Dakwah Building reflects a broader, maturation process within Indonesia’s major Islamic organizations as they navigate the complexities of the modern market economy. As Muhammadiyah approaches its second century of operation, the imperative to achieve financial resilience is more pressing than ever.

Economic analysts note that faith-based organizations possess a unique competitive advantage: high levels of institutional trust, loyal consumer bases, and extensive geographic networks. However, unlocking this potential requires overcoming bureaucratic inertia, fostering professionalized management, and bridging the structural chasm between central executives and local operators.

The implications of successfully reforming Muhammadiyah’s grassroots economy extend far beyond internal organizational finance. Given the organization’s vast demographic reach, any successful model of localized economic empowerment can serve as a national benchmark for poverty alleviation, SME development, and equitable wealth distribution in Indonesia.

Moving forward, the challenge for Muhammadiyah leadership lies in translating high-level conceptual frameworks into actionable, localized operational strategies. By empowering branch and sub-branch structures, professionalizing internal commercial ventures, and embracing productive asset management, the organization can transform its undeniable economic potential into tangible, grassroots prosperity.

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Sports and Fitness

National Sports Day: Tracing Indonesia’s Athletic Legacy from the Historic 1948 Solo PON to Modern Health and Economic Pillars

by Layla Zulfa
written by Layla Zulfa

Every year on September 9th, Indonesia observes National Sports Day, widely known as Hari Olahraga Nasional (Haornas). This significant annual commemoration serves as both a retrospective journey into the nation’s athletic roots and a forward-looking catalyst for public health, community cohesion, and economic vitality. Far from being a mere ceremonial fixture on the national calendar, Haornas encapsulates the indomitable spirit of a newly independent nation that utilized sports as an instrument of diplomacy, national identity, and resilience. As the country marks the 43rd anniversary of Haornas in 2026, the occasion prompts a comprehensive examination of how far Indonesian sports have evolved—from modest, post-independence domestic competitions to a multi-billion-dollar ecosystem encompassing grassroots physical fitness, elite international achievements, and burgeoning sectors like sport tourism.

The Genesis of National Sports Day: The 1948 Solo PON

The historical roots of National Sports Day are inextricably linked to the birth of the National Games, or Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON), which held its inaugural edition from September 9 to September 12, 1948, in Solo (Surakarta), Central Java. To fully comprehend the gravity of this event, one must contextualize the geopolitical and social climate of Indonesia in 1948. Having proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945, the young republic was still locked in a fierce diplomatic and physical struggle to secure international recognition and sovereignty against Dutch colonial forces attempting to reclaim the archipelago.

During this turbulent period, Indonesian athletic pioneers harbored ambitions to project the nation onto the global stage by participating in the XIV Olympic Games, scheduled for London in 1948. However, the international community, largely influenced by colonial dynamics, did not yet formally recognize Indonesia’s administrative sovereignty. Consequently, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the organizers of the London Olympics stipulated that Indonesian athletes could only participate under a Dutch colonial flag or face insurmountable bureaucratic barriers that denied their independent national status.

Displaying remarkable resolve, Indonesian sports leaders, youth organizations, and government visionaries rejected these conditional terms. Led by figures such as Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX—then serving as the head of the Indonesian Olympic Committee—and foundational sports administrators, the nation pivoted inward to demonstrate its organizational capacity, sovereignty, and physical prowess. The solution was the creation of PON I.

The staging of the first PON in Solo was nothing short of miraculous given the severe logistical constraints, economic blockades, and infrastructural limitations of the era. Athletes from various regions across Java and beyond converged on Solo to compete in track and field, football, swimming, and other disciplines. The opening day of this historic event—September 9, 1948—instantly transformed into a powerful symbol of national unity. It proved to the world and to the domestic populace that Indonesia could independently organize a massive, multi-sport national championship. Decades later, this foundational date was enshrined as the official birthday of Indonesian sportsmanship.

Formalization and Institutionalization in 1983

While September 9 marked the historical birth of competitive multi-sport events in Indonesia, the formal designation of Hari Olahraga Nasional as a recognized national observance did not occur until nearly four decades later. On September 9, 1983, then-President Soeharto officially proclaimed Haornas during a ceremony to inaugurate the comprehensive restoration and modernization of the historic Sriwedari Stadium in Surakarta—the very city that hosted the inaugural PON.

The 1983 proclamation was strategically designed to revitalize the national sports movement, encourage grassroots physical education, and foster a culture of wellness among the general populace. Recognizing that sustainable elite athletic achievement must be anchored in a healthy, active society, the government sought to institutionalize sports as an essential pillar of national development.

This presidential proclamation was subsequently reinforced by formal legal architecture through Presidential Decree (Keputusan Presiden or Keppres) Number 67 of 1985 concerning National Sports Day. This decree officially codified September 9 as Haornas, mandating nationwide observances, athletic competitions, and promotional campaigns aimed at enhancing sports training, infrastructure development, and public participation across all provinces.

Evolution of Haornas: Beyond Medals to Public Health and Economic Growth

In contemporary times, the Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) has continually redefined the scope and objectives of Haornas. While the pursuit of international medals at the Olympic Games, Asian Games, and SEA Games remains a high-visibility priority, modern sports policy places an equally heavy emphasis on "sport development" and "sport for all."

According to contemporary policy guidelines issued by Kemenpora, Haornas serves as a multi-dimensional platform. The modern ethos of the commemoration emphasizes that sports are not merely about elite victories or podium finishes; rather, physical activity is a vital instrument for character building, discipline cultivation, mental well-being, and social integration. In an era marked by sedentary lifestyles and non-communicable diseases, public health campaigns tied to Haornas actively urge citizens of all ages to integrate routine physical activity into their daily routines.

Furthermore, the economic dimension of sports has gained unprecedented prominence in recent years. Leadership within Kemenpora has frequently underscored that a thriving sports ecosystem generates massive secondary economic benefits. The intersection of sports, health, and commerce has unlocked lucrative streams in sports apparel manufacturing, fitness center management, sports science, and large-scale event hosting.

A prime example of this economic integration is the burgeoning sector of sport tourism. By strategically pairing major athletic competitions with regional tourism promotion, Indonesia has transformed sporting events into powerful engines for local economic growth. Initiatives such as awarding upcoming multi-sport events to regions like Sumba Timur (East Sumba) for the 2028 PON, or organizing specialized championships like the upcoming National Beach Games (PON Pantai) in Ancol, demonstrate how sports can stimulate hospitality, transportation, culinary, and artisanal micro-enterprises in host regions.

Addressing Infrastructure Gaps and Future Challenges

Despite the rich history and positive economic trajectories, Indonesia’s sports landscape continues to confront significant structural challenges. Stakeholders across the athletic community frequently point to historical underfunding, disparities in regional training facilities, and the urgent need for world-class sports science integration.

To bridge these gaps, federal authorities have advocated for aggressive budgetary expansions. Notably, Kemenpora has highlighted the necessity of substantial financial investments—including budget proposals scaling toward Rp1.5 trillion—dedicated explicitly to constructing modern academies, regional training centers, and sports science hubs. These investments are deemed critical if Indonesia aims to consistently produce world-class athletes capable of dominating regional arenas and claiming gold medals on the global Olympic stage.

The modernization of training regimens reflects a broader professionalization of Indonesian sports administration. Rather than relying solely on raw talent, contemporary athletic programs increasingly incorporate biomechanics, advanced nutrition, psychological conditioning, and data analytics. This systematic approach ensures that grassroots participation fostered during Haornas can successfully funnel talented individuals into highly competitive elite pathways.

Observing Haornas in the Modern Era: The 43rd Commemoration in 2026

As Indonesia marks the 43rd anniversary of Haornas on Wednesday, September 9, 2026, the nationwide commemoration takes on a renewed sense of purpose. Across the archipelago, government offices, educational institutions, community groups, and private organizations observe the day through a diverse array of activities. These include community aerobic sessions, fun runs, inter-village sports tournaments, award ceremonies for veteran athletes, and educational campaigns aimed at introducing children to the fundamentals of physical fitness.

For the average citizen, Haornas 2026 serves as an annual prompt to evaluate personal health habits, support national athletes competing on international circuits, and foster an environment where family and community members embrace active lifestyles.

Conclusion: A Continuous Journey of National Resilience

From the makeshift tracks and modest fields of Solo in September 1948 to state-of-the-art sports science academies and billion-rupiah sport tourism ventures of the modern era, the trajectory of Indonesian sports mirrors the journey of the nation itself: resilient, adaptive, and relentlessly ambitious.

Hari Olahraga Nasional remains much more than an anniversary of a historical document or a single athletic tournament. It is a living testament to the power of human movement and collective will. By honoring the pioneers who insisted on running their own games in the midst of a war for independence, modern Indonesians continue to draw inspiration, reinforcing the foundational truth that a healthy, active, and united nation is the ultimate victory of the sporting spirit.

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Sports and Fitness

FIFA President Gianni Infantino Set to Visit Indonesia to Meet President Prabowo and Attend FIFA ASEAN Cup 2026 Final in Jakarta

by Asro
written by Asro

The global governing body of association football, FIFA, is maintaining its strong diplomatic and structural focus on Southeast Asia as preparations intensify for a landmark sporting visit. FIFA President Gianni Infantino is officially scheduled to arrive in Indonesia in early October 2026. This high-profile diplomatic and athletic mission serves a dual purpose: holding strategic discussions at the highest level of the Indonesian government with President Prabowo Subianto, and personally witnessing the climactic conclusion of the inaugural FIFA ASEAN Cup 2026.

The announcement, which underscores Indonesia’s growing prominence in international football administration and event hosting, was officially confirmed by Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) Chairman Erick Thohir. According to the updated itinerary, Infantino’s visit will span two critical days, centering on Jakarta as the focal point of regional football diplomacy.

High-Level State Diplomacy: Meeting with President Prabowo Subianto

The cornerstone of Gianni Infantino’s working visit to Jakarta is an audience with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto, scheduled for October 4, 2026. While the specific agenda items remain broad, discussions between the FIFA President and the Indonesian head of state are expected to revolve around the ongoing transformation of Indonesian football, government-backed infrastructure developments, and the long-term strategic partnership between the state and the international governing body.

Since the establishment of the permanent FIFA office in Jakarta—a collaborative milestone born out of post-tragedy infrastructure rehabilitation and youth development initiatives—relations between FIFA and the Indonesian government have reached unprecedented levels of coordination. President Prabowo’s administration has continued to prioritize sports diplomacy and grassroots infrastructure modernization, making the meeting with Infantino a vital checkpoint for evaluating the nation’s readiness to host major international fixtures.

Furthermore, the conversation is anticipated to touch upon the broader geopolitical landscape of ASEAN football. With Indonesia acting as the pioneer host for the region’s first major FIFA-sanctioned standalone tournament, the government’s continued backing is viewed by Zurich headquarters as essential for regional stability and developmental sustainability.

The Grand Finale: Climax of the FIFA ASEAN Cup 2026 at SUGBK

Following his state engagements, Infantino will transition his focus strictly to the pitch on October 5, 2026. The FIFA President is scheduled to attend the high-stakes final of the Division 1 FIFA ASEAN Cup 2026, which will take place at the iconic Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno (SUGBK) in Senayan, Jakarta.

The tournament, running from September 24 to October 5, 2026, marks a historic chapter in international football. It represents the very first major, comprehensive tournament organized directly by FIFA specifically tailored for the Southeast Asian region. By pooling the competitive strengths of ASEAN nations into a unified, high-visibility platform, FIFA aims to elevate the technical standards, commercial value, and global competitiveness of Southeast Asian football.

Gianni Infantino Akan Datang ke Indonesia, Temui Prabowo dan Saksikan Final FIFA ASEAN Cup

PSSI Chairman Erick Thohir highlighted the inclusive nature of the closing ceremony and the final match, noting that the event will serve as a gathering point for regional leadership. "On October 5, 2026, here in Jakarta, we are inviting several presidents of ASEAN federations and other Asian confederation counterparts to join us, alongside celebrating the tournament’s official closing and final showdown," Thohir stated.

The presence of regional federation heads emphasizes the diplomatic dimension of the tournament’s conclusion. It transforms the SUGBK into a temporary capital of Asian football diplomacy, where regional stakeholders can evaluate the success of the pilot tournament and discuss future iterations.

Foundation Laid by FIFA Secretary General Mattias Grafstrom

Infantino’s impending arrival builds directly upon the groundwork laid during the opening stages of the tournament. FIFA Secretary General Mattias Grafstrom arrived in Jakarta ahead of schedule to oversee the tournament’s inauguration and attended the grand opening ceremony held at SUGBK on September 25, 2026.

Grafstrom’s early presence allowed the executive leadership of international football to inspect facilities, review security protocols, and experience firsthand the legendary passion of Indonesian supporters. During his address in Jakarta, Grafstrom offered high praise for the logistical efficiency and operational excellence demonstrated by the PSSI under Thohir’s leadership.

"I am truly delighted to be here alongside my good friend, PSSI President Erick Thohir. I want to express my deepest gratitude for the extraordinary work that you and your entire team have undertaken to bring this tournament to life," Grafstrom remarked during a press briefing in the Indonesian capital.

The FIFA Secretary General also took specific note of the tight scheduling constraints under which the tournament was organized, commending the local organizing committee for executing a seamless operational rollout. Beyond administrative success, Grafstrom expressed profound admiration for the fervent football culture deeply embedded in Indonesian society.

Highlighting the massive turnout expected for marquee fixtures—such as the fierce regional rivalry matches that drew crowds exceeding 50,000 spectators to the stands of SUGBK—Grafstrom emphasized that the tournament serves as a testament to the nation’s unwavering devotion to the sport. "The timeline was undoubtedly tight, but I am exceptionally eager to witness these matches, which are projected to draw over 50,000 passionate fans. This kind of turnout undeniably showcases Indonesia’s profound and unmatched enthusiasm for football," he added.

Security and Logistical Preparations for Regional Blockbusters

The massive influx of regional visitors, traveling delegations, and passionate supporters has necessitated unprecedented security and logistical mobilization by local authorities. Prior to the tournament’s kickoff, security forces—including specialized units from the Mobile Brigade (Brimob) of the Metro Jaya Regional Police—conducted extensive sterilizations and security sweeps across the entire SUGBK complex.

Gianni Infantino Akan Datang ke Indonesia, Temui Prabowo dan Saksikan Final FIFA ASEAN Cup

The high-profile nature of matches, particularly encounters involving historic regional rivals such as the clashes between Indonesia and Malaysia, has drawn thousands of traveling supporters, including hundreds of members of supporter groups like the ‘Harimau Malaya’ contingent. In response, local law enforcement agencies deployed specialized security protocols, segregated seating arrangements, and dedicated escort details to ensure a safe, family-friendly environment for all international and domestic attendees.

These rigorous safety measures reflect the lessons learned from past administrative hurdles, signaling to the global football community that Indonesia has established a world-class standard for event safety, crowd management, and international hospitality.

Broader Economic, Sporting, and Strategic Implications

The hosting of the FIFA ASEAN Cup 2026 and the subsequent high-level visit by Gianni Infantino carry profound implications for Indonesian football and the country’s international standing.

From a sporting perspective, a tournament of this magnitude provides Southeast Asian national teams with invaluable exposure to elite-tier competition, structured refereeing standards, and high-intensity match environments. For Indonesian players, performing under the watchful eyes of FIFA’s highest executives inside a packed SUGBK offers a premier showcase for potential international scouting and career advancement.

Economically, the tournament acts as a major catalyst for Jakarta’s tourism, hospitality, and service sectors. The convergence of regional fans, international media, and global football executives generates substantial economic activity, reinforcing the government’s narrative that sports tourism is a viable and lucrative pillar of national development.

Diplomatically, the visit solidifies Indonesia’s reputation as a reliable and capable partner for international sports organizations. Having successfully navigated previous periods of administrative restructuring and stadium safety overhauls, Indonesia has transitioned from a subject of international scrutiny to a trusted model for regional football governance.

As the countdown to October 4 and 5 continues, all eyes remain fixed on Jakarta. The convergence of presidential-level statecraft, regional sports diplomacy, and the crowning of the first-ever champion of the FIFA ASEAN Cup 2026 marks a watershed moment—not only for Indonesian football, but for the future trajectory of the sport across the entire Southeast Asian landscape.

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Sports and Fitness

Juventus Initiates Strategic Long-Term Transfer Planning Targeting High-Profile Free Agents for 2027

by Lina Irawan
written by Lina Irawan

Juventus has officially commenced a sophisticated, long-term recruitment strategy aimed at securing high-caliber talent as the club navigates a period of financial restructuring and sporting recalibration. Recent reports from Italy indicate that the Bianconeri management is already laying the groundwork for the 2027 summer transfer window, identifying three marquee players—Manchester City midfielder Mateo Kovacic, RB Leipzig fullback David Raum, and AC Milan defender Fikayo Tomori—as primary targets. This proactive approach underscores a fundamental shift in the club’s operational model, prioritizing the acquisition of elite players nearing the expiration of their contracts to mitigate the heavy fiscal burden associated with traditional transfer fees.

The directive from the Juventus boardroom reflects a broader necessity to optimize the wage bill and squad depth following a challenging period marked by their absence from the UEFA Champions League. By targeting players whose contracts expire in June 2027, Juventus intends to leverage the "free agent" market, a domain in which the club has demonstrated significant competency in recent seasons.

The Financial Imperative Behind the Strategy

The financial health of European football giants has become increasingly precarious, and Juventus is no exception. The absence of Champions League revenue creates a substantial deficit, forcing sporting directors to think creatively. Historically, the "Old Lady" of Turin has excelled in the free agent market, utilizing it as a cornerstone of their recruitment strategy. The recent successful acquisition of Jonathan David on a free transfer serves as the blueprint for their current vision.

By initiating contact with the representatives of Kovacic, Raum, and Tomori significantly ahead of the January 2027 pre-contract eligibility window, Juventus aims to secure a competitive advantage. This strategy allows the club to conduct due diligence, understand the players’ wage expectations, and assess their tactical fit within the squad well before other European competitors enter the fray. It is a methodical, risk-averse approach designed to build a squad capable of competing at the highest level of Serie A without the volatility of high-risk, high-cost transfer market bidding wars.

Juventus Bidik 3 Bintang Gratisan pada 2027, Ada Pemain AC Milan

Scouting the Targets: A Tactical Analysis

The selection of these three specific targets reveals a clear desire to bolster the spine of the team and address recurring tactical deficiencies.

Mateo Kovacic: The Midfield Maestro

Mateo Kovacic represents the experience and technical composure that Juventus has arguably lacked in its central midfield. Having played at the highest level for Real Madrid, Chelsea, and Manchester City, the Croatian international brings a level of tactical intelligence that is invaluable. His ability to progress the ball through tight spaces and provide a link between defense and attack would be a significant upgrade. For a Juventus side looking to control games more effectively in Serie A, Kovacic provides the necessary balance between defensive work rate and creative output.

David Raum: The Modern Wing-Back

The pursuit of David Raum indicates a specific intent to modernize the club’s flanks. The RB Leipzig man is widely regarded as one of the most consistent crossers and engines in the Bundesliga. His proficiency in an attacking-minded system aligns with the modern requirement for fullbacks to contribute significantly to the offensive phase of play. Juventus has struggled to find consistent output from the left side of their defense, and Raum’s arrival would provide a high-level solution that remains relevant for the next several years.

Fikayo Tomori: Strengthening the Defensive Core

Perhaps the most ambitious target is AC Milan’s Fikayo Tomori. Snatching a key defensive pillar from a direct domestic rival would be a statement of intent from the Turin hierarchy. Tomori has established himself as one of the most reliable and physically imposing center-backs in Italy. His familiarity with the pace and physicality of Serie A makes him an ideal candidate to anchor the Juventus defense. The logistical challenge of negotiating with a rival like Milan, however, adds a layer of complexity to this specific pursuit that will require careful management.

Chronology of Recruitment Evolution

Juventus’s shift toward a long-term, data-driven recruitment cycle did not happen in a vacuum. Over the past five years, the club has navigated a tumultuous period that included a total overhaul of its board of directors, legal challenges, and a subsequent focus on internal sustainability.

Juventus Bidik 3 Bintang Gratisan pada 2027, Ada Pemain AC Milan
  1. The Post-2023 Restructuring: Following the resignation of the previous board, Juventus adopted a "sustainability-first" policy. This led to the empowerment of the scouting department to identify younger talent and veteran players entering the final years of their contracts.
  2. The 2025 Success Stories: The club’s ability to sign players of high market value without transfer fees—exemplified by the successful integration of free agents—proved that the strategy was viable for maintaining a top-four finish in Serie A.
  3. The 2026 Shift: The current cycle, which has seen the return of familiar faces to the squad, such as the reintegration of experienced goalkeepers, highlights the club’s desire to combine youth with proven leadership.
  4. The 2027 Outlook: The current focus on Kovacic, Raum, and Tomori represents the next phase: a targeted, high-level approach that avoids "panic buying" in the final days of the summer transfer windows.

Market Implications and Competitive Landscape

The strategy of targeting players 18 months before their contracts expire is a high-stakes game of patience. For the players involved, it offers the prospect of a significant "signing-on bonus" that clubs can pay because they are not allocating funds to a transfer fee for the selling club.

However, the strategy is not without risks. Competitors may attempt to offer contract extensions to these players, or other wealthy clubs might intervene with more lucrative salary packages. Juventus’s success hinges on their ability to present a convincing project—a "sporting vision"—that appeals to these players beyond simple financial gain. The club must demonstrate that they are building a squad capable of returning to the pinnacle of European football.

The Role of the Sporting Director

The architects behind this strategy are under immense pressure to maintain transparency with the players’ current clubs while ensuring that the "pre-approach" remains within the bounds of FIFA’s transfer regulations. The role of the sporting director has become more of a diplomatic position than ever before. By fostering relationships with agents and intermediaries early on, Juventus hopes to create a "preferred destination" status for players entering the market.

Analysts suggest that if Juventus manages to sign even two of these three players, it would significantly alter the balance of power in Serie A. The impact would be twofold: it would directly strengthen their own squad while simultaneously depriving a competitor of a key asset.

Future Outlook

As the 2027 season approaches, the focus in Turin will remain on fiscal discipline and tactical precision. The club’s management has signaled that they are no longer interested in the "Galactico" era of spending, but rather in the surgical acquisition of talent that fits a specific profile. The fans and observers will be watching closely to see if this long-term planning translates into silverware.

Juventus Bidik 3 Bintang Gratisan pada 2027, Ada Pemain AC Milan

For now, the message from the Allianz Stadium is clear: Juventus is playing the long game. By preparing for the 2027 window with this level of meticulousness, they are ensuring that they remain at the table with the elite, regardless of the financial headwinds they have faced in the recent past. The pursuit of Kovacic, Raum, and Tomori is more than just a list of names; it is a manifestation of a club that has learned from its mistakes and is methodically building its path back to the summit of Italian and European football.

Summary of Strategic Objectives

  • Financial Sustainability: Reducing reliance on transfer fees to maintain compliance with UEFA’s Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations.
  • Tactical Depth: Addressing specific positional weaknesses (Midfield, Wing-back, Center-back) with experienced, top-tier talent.
  • Early Engagement: Establishing a competitive advantage by initiating dialogues well ahead of the contract expiration window.
  • Competitive Disruption: Proactively identifying targets from within the league to strengthen the Bianconeri squad while weakening rivals.

As the industry moves toward a more data-centric recruitment model, Juventus is positioning itself to be a leader in efficient talent management. Whether these specific targets ultimately wear the black-and-white stripes remains to be seen, but the intent to control the narrative of their future roster is already well underway. The club’s focus remains on building a legacy that balances the historical prestige of the Juventus name with the pragmatic realities of modern professional football.

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Automotive

Jangan Tertipu Harga Murah, Begini Cara Membedakan Suku Cadang Asli dan Palsu

by Basiran
written by Basiran

Tangerang, Automotive Industry Desk — In the modern automotive landscape, the allure of deeply discounted spare parts often proves irresistible to vehicle owners seeking to minimize maintenance expenses. However, automotive experts and industry stakeholders continually warn that prices significantly below standard market rates frequently serve as a primary indicator of counterfeit components. Distinguishing between genuine and counterfeit automotive parts has evolved beyond a simple visual check of product packaging, demanding heightened scrutiny of manufacturing precision, material quality, and distribution channels.

This critical consumer education initiative took center stage at the prestigious Automechanika Jakarta 2026 exhibition, held at the Nusantara International Convention Exhibition (NICE) in Tangerang. Amidst a sprawling showcase of cutting-edge automotive technologies, aftermarket innovations, and heavy-duty components, PT Timur Raya Anugerah Damai (TRAD) emerged as a key educator. The company drew significant crowds by mounting a side-by-side display of authentic and counterfeit spare parts, offering industry professionals, fleet managers, and everyday motorists a rare opportunity to examine the tangible differences between real components and their illicit counterparts up close.

Unmasking the Counterfeit Market at Automechanika Jakarta 2026

The Automechanika Jakarta 2026 trade fair serves as Southeast Asia’s premier platform for the automotive aftermarket sector, drawing manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and enthusiasts from across the globe. Within this bustling hub of commerce and innovation, PT Timur Raya Anugerah Damai (TRAD) utilized its exhibition booth to address a persistent and dangerous shadow economy: the proliferation of counterfeit automotive components.

Counterfeit spare parts present severe risks to vehicular safety, yet they continue to infiltrate supply chains due to consumer demand for bargain pricing. To combat this phenomenon, TRAD’s interactive display stripped away the guesswork by placing genuine parts directly next to fake alternatives. Visitors were encouraged to run their fingers along surfaces, inspect structural alignments, and scrutinize structural finishes.

According to TRAD representatives, physical inspection remains one of the most effective lines of defense for vehicle owners who lack access to specialized laboratory testing equipment. By breaking down the specific manufacturing flaws inherent in pirated parts, the company sought to empower everyday consumers to make safer, more informed purchasing decisions.

Physical Anatomy of Authenticity: Precision vs. Poor Craftsmanship

During the exhibition, technical experts from PT Timur Raya Anugerah Damai highlighted several distinct structural anomalies that separate certified original equipment from illicit knockoffs. One of the most glaring physical discrepancies can be found in the alignment and execution of component holes and mounting points.

Genuine parts, manufactured under strict quality control protocols and utilizing high-precision computer-numerical-control (CNC) machinery, exhibit perfectly centered, highly symmetrical holes designed to integrate seamlessly into a vehicle’s assembly. In stark contrast, counterfeit components frequently display misaligned, irregularly shaped, or off-center openings. These flaws not only complicate the installation process but also create uneven tension points when bolted onto an engine chassis or suspension system, dramatically increasing the likelihood of mechanical failure under stress.

Another critical differentiator lies in the quality of the casting and surface finishing. Authentic components undergo rigorous metallurgical processes, resulting in smooth, uniform exterior surfaces free of micro-cracks, pitting, or excess material residue. Counterfeit parts, typically produced in clandestine operations using substandard metal alloys and crude sand-casting or mold techniques, invariably feature rough, grainy, and uneven surfaces.

Jessica Kwan, Sales and Marketing Manager at PT Timur Raya Anugerah Damai, emphasized that relying solely on upfront price tags or visual impressions of outer wrapping is a dangerous gamble. “If it is genuine, it will certainly be more precise and of vastly superior quality. The counterfeit ones are usually much rougher,” Kwan noted during the exhibition. Her insights underscore a fundamental rule of automotive maintenance: structural integrity cannot be faked once a component is subjected to the intense thermal and mechanical loads of everyday driving.

The Packaging Trap: Why Boxes Can Be Deceiving

A common misconception among vehicle owners is that high-quality packaging guarantees a genuine product. Illegitimate manufacturers have grown increasingly sophisticated in replicating corporate branding, holographic security seals, instruction manuals, and cardboard cartons.

Jessica Kwan addressed this vulnerability directly, explaining that while product boxes serve as a preliminary checkpoint, they should never be the sole criterion for authentication. Packaging can easily be manufactured, replaced, or recycled to house inferior goods.

“When it comes to packaging, it can easily be swapped out or replicated. Therefore, if you are purchasing genuine items, you must look closely at the specific physical characteristics of the component itself and verify the credibility of the place where you are buying it,” Kwan explained.

This reality shifts the burden of security onto the integrity of the supply chain. Authorized dealerships, certified franchise workshops, and official brand distributors remain the safest harbors for consumers seeking guaranteed authenticity. Conversely, unverified online marketplaces, independent third-party discounters operating without verifiable credentials, and brick-and-mortar storefronts offering unexplained clearance sales demand heightened skepticism.

Economic Pressures and the Allure of Discounted Parts

The proliferation of counterfeit automotive components does not occur in a vacuum. Macroeconomic pressures, fluctuating inflation rates, rising costs of living, and steep tariffs on imported original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts have squeezed vehicle owners financially. For commercial fleet operators balancing tight profit margins and private motorists facing expensive routine maintenance bills, the temptation to opt for cheaper alternatives is entirely understandable.

However, financial analysts and automotive safety advocates frequently remind the public of the "hidden costs" associated with counterfeit parts. While a pirated brake pad, suspension arm, oil filter, or timing belt may cost a fraction of its OEM counterpart, its premature failure often leads to catastrophic collateral damage. A substandard brake rotor can fracture under high-speed deceleration; a counterfeit oil filter can disintegrate, starving an engine of lubrication and causing complete engine seizure; and a faulty suspension component can snap, resulting in a severe loss of directional control. Consequently, what begins as an initial cost-saving measure frequently translates into exponential repair expenses, extensive vehicle downtime, and, most tragically, life-threatening traffic accidents.

The Whack-A-Mole Dilemma: The Ever-Evolving Counterfeit Supply Chain

Combatting automotive counterfeiting resembles a relentless game of digital and physical whack-a-mole. Illegitimate manufacturing syndicates operate with high agility, rapidly adapting their production methods whenever law enforcement agencies or trademark holders crack down on a specific illicit supply line.

Jessica Kwan elaborated on the immense regulatory and investigative challenges faced by legitimate parts distributors in the modern market. When industry watchdogs successfully educate the public on identifying a specific counterfeit product variant, counterfeiters simply pivot, introducing new batches featuring updated visual aesthetics, redesigned knockoff packaging, or entirely different product categories to the market.

“Because there are so many of them, for instance, if we conduct an education campaign today, tomorrow there may be many new ones emerging. So it is rather difficult to track them all down permanently,” Kwan stated, highlighting the systemic nature of intellectual property theft within the global automotive aftermarket.

This dynamic fluidness necessitates a multi-layered defensive strategy involving stricter border controls, aggressive legal prosecution of intellectual property violators, continuous public awareness campaigns, and enhanced traceability technologies—such as blockchain-based serial numbers and interactive QR-code authentication systems embedded directly into product bodies rather than detachable packaging.

Broader Industry Implications and the Path Forward

The issues highlighted at Automechanika Jakarta 2026 resonate far beyond the exhibition halls of Tangerang; they reflect a global crisis within the automotive aftermarket. As vehicles incorporate increasingly complex electronic systems, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and precision-engineered mechanical assemblies, the margin for component error narrows exponentially.

Automotive industry associations, regulatory bodies, and major manufacturers are being forced to adopt proactive stances. Collaboration between law enforcement and private enterprises is intensifying, targeting illegal manufacturing hubs, clandestine import channels, and unauthorized digital storefronts that facilitate the distribution of unverified components.

Simultaneously, consumer education remains the ultimate line of defense. Industry leaders stress that transforming consumer mindset—moving away from a culture of blind bargain-hunting toward an ethos of lifecycle value and vehicular safety—is paramount. By recognizing that legitimate manufacturing requires substantial investment in research, metallurgy, precision tooling, and quality assurance, vehicle owners can better contextualize why authentic parts command premium pricing.

Ultimately, the insights shared by PT Timur Raya Anugerah Damai at Automechanika Jakarta 2026 serve as a timely reminder for the automotive community. As counterfeiters grow bolder and more sophisticated, vigilance cannot be outsourced. Whether inspecting the symmetry of a mounting hole, evaluating the smoothness of a cast metal surface, or meticulously verifying the credentials of an auto parts supplier, vehicle owners hold the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the components keeping their vehicles safely on the road are as authentic as the journeys they undertake.

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