mengambil

The recurring challenge of severe drought has placed unprecedented strain on local communities, transforming basic resources like clean water into precious commodities. As wells run dry and municipal water supplies dwindle, the local mosque—often serving as a central pillar of communal life—frequently becomes the last refuge for those in desperate need of hydration and sanitation. This scenario raises a complex intersection of Islamic jurisprudence, social responsibility, and administrative management. The question of whether residents may rightfully claim and transport water from mosque facilities during times of crisis requires a nuanced examination of both religious principles and practical, administrative governance.

The Anatomy of a Climate-Induced Crisis

Environmental data indicates that prolonged dry seasons, exacerbated by climate volatility, have significantly lowered groundwater tables in many regions. According to recent meteorological reports, regions experiencing "extreme drought" often see private and communal wells drop to critical levels, sometimes disappearing entirely within weeks. In such contexts, mosques that have invested in deeper wells, large-scale storage tanks, or consistent clean water distribution networks find themselves at the center of a social dilemma.

Historically, water has been classified as a communal resource in Islamic tradition. A well-known Hadith narrated by Abu Dawud states: "Muslims are partners in three things: pastures, water, and fire." This foundational teaching underscores the status of these elements as essential for the survival of the collective. However, jurists clarify that this does not imply an unrestricted right to private or endowed property. The distinction lies between common, natural water sources and water held within a specific legal framework, such as an endowment (waqf) designated for a particular institution.

The Jurisprudential Perspective on Resource Sharing

The ethical framework surrounding this issue is built upon the concept of social utility. Islamic history provides a rich precedent for the management of water as a public service. The institution of Siqayah, or the provision of water to pilgrims in Makkah, highlights how the management of water was treated as a noble, structural responsibility. Figures such as Al-Abbas bin Abd al-Muttalib were tasked with the administration of these water resources, ensuring that the needs of the thirsty were met as a matter of religious and civic duty.

Scholars, including those referenced in Tafsir al-Manar and the works of Imam an-Nawawi, describe the Siqayah not merely as a task, but as a formal system of distribution. This system operated on the principle that while resources might be managed by individuals or specific institutions, their primary purpose is to alleviate human hardship.

In the legal text Fathul Mu’in, the scholar Sheikh Zainuddin al-Malibari addresses the ambiguity surrounding water storage in mosques. He posits that if there is a qarinah (a clear indication or context) that water is provided for general public use, then its consumption for drinking, washing, and sanitation is permissible. The presence of such an indication is often evidenced by custom—if the community has historically utilized the water without objection from the mosque authorities or legal scholars, the practice gains a degree of legitimacy.

Chronology and Lessons from History: The Year of Ashes

The significance of communal support during water scarcity is perhaps best illustrated by the ‘Am ar-Ramadah (Year of Ashes) during the caliphate of Umar bin al-Khattab around 18 Hijriah. This period was characterized by severe drought and famine so extreme that the landscape appeared charred, resembling ash. Historical accounts from Izzuddin Ibnu Atsir in Al-Kamil fi at-Tarikh describe a crisis of existential proportions, where even wildlife sought proximity to humans in a desperate bid for survival.

While this historical event does not explicitly provide a template for drawing water from modern mosque taps, it defines the leadership philosophy required during a crisis. Umar bin al-Khattab’s approach was defined by profound empathy and the understanding that a leader’s duty is to ensure the survival of the governed. His famous sentiment—asking how he could be indifferent to the suffering of his people when it did not afflict him—remains a guiding principle for community leaders today. It suggests that during catastrophic events, rigid adherence to administrative rules should be tempered by the overarching mandate to preserve human life and dignity.

Administrative Implications and Management Strategies

The challenge for modern mosque management boards (Takmir) is to balance the waqf (endowment) status of their water facilities with the urgent needs of the surrounding neighborhood. From an administrative standpoint, a mosque is not merely a place of worship but a social hub. When a disaster occurs, the mosque’s role as a provider of welfare is activated.

However, unchecked access to mosque water without regulation can lead to technical and financial collapse. Many mosques operate on limited budgets, and the cost of electricity for water pumps or the maintenance of filtration systems is significant. If an entire community suddenly relies on a mosque’s well, the equipment may fail, leaving the mosque unable to host congregational prayers or provide necessary hygiene facilities for worshippers.

To mitigate this, mosque boards are encouraged to adopt a "Managed Distribution Policy." This includes:

1. Defining Usage Hours: Establishing specific times for the public to access water to ensure it does not interfere with prayer times or deplete the tank during peak usage.
2. Quota Implementation: Setting reasonable daily limits per household to ensure equitable distribution among all neighbors.
3. Transparent Communication: Engaging with the community to explain the limits of the mosque’s capacity, thereby managing expectations and preventing conflict.
4. Cooperation with Local Authorities: If the drought is widespread, mosques should act as distribution nodes in coordination with municipal water services, rather than acting as isolated, overwhelmed providers.

Socio-Economic Analysis of Water Dependency

The reliance of residents on mosques for water is a symptom of broader infrastructure failures. In areas where public water utilities are either non-existent or incapacitated by drought, the mosque inadvertently becomes a "shadow utility." This creates a long-term implication: while it is commendable for mosques to help, such dependence is not a sustainable solution for a community.

Sociologists note that when religious institutions become the primary provider of basic human needs, the state’s obligation to provide infrastructure is often obscured. Therefore, mosques should use their position to advocate for better water management and infrastructure investment from local governments. By acting as a mediator between the community and the state, the mosque fulfills its role as a representative of the people’s interests.

Conclusion: Finding the Middle Path

The intersection of religious law and practical necessity dictates that the answer to whether citizens can take water from a mosque is not a simple "yes" or "no." It is a "yes, provided it is managed with responsibility and transparency."

The religious texts prioritize the preservation of life and emphasize that water is a shared blessing. Yet, this must be balanced with the fiduciary duty of the mosque management to protect the assets entrusted to them by the community. When a mosque, in consultation with the community, establishes a system that allows for the sharing of water during a crisis, they are not only providing a liquid resource; they are fulfilling the spiritual mandate of service.

In times of extreme environmental stress, the mosque serves as the heart of the community. By ensuring that the water flows to those who need it most, while maintaining the order and sustainability of the facility, the mosque upholds both the letter of the law and the spirit of humanitarian aid. This balanced approach ensures that the fundamental Islamic value of rahmah (compassion) is realized through the practical administration of the mosque’s resources. As communities continue to face the uncertainties of a changing climate, these institutions will remain vital, not just as houses of prayer, but as essential lifelines in the collective struggle for survival.

The persistent threat of climate change, manifested through prolonged drought seasons, has become an increasingly urgent humanitarian concern in many regions. As seasonal rainfall patterns shift and water tables recede, traditional sources such as private wells, municipal reservoirs, and local ponds are often the first to face depletion. In communities where water scarcity transitions into a crisis, the neighborhood mosque frequently emerges as a central hub for essential resources. Many mosques maintain independent water systems—ranging from deep-bored wells to large-capacity storage tanks—designed to serve the congregants. This disparity in water security between private households and communal religious institutions has raised a recurring, sensitive question: Under the principles of Islamic jurisprudence and social ethics, is it permissible for local residents to withdraw water from a mosque for domestic use during periods of severe drought?

The Socio-Economic Context of Water Scarcity

The phenomenon of drought is not merely an environmental challenge; it is a catalyst for social friction. Data from regional meteorological agencies often indicate that during El Niño or prolonged dry spells, the availability of groundwater in residential areas can drop by as much as 40% to 60%. As public utilities struggle to manage demand, the burden falls disproportionately on vulnerable households.

Historically, the management of water resources has been a cornerstone of Islamic governance. The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the collective nature of essential resources, notably in a hadith recorded by Abu Dawud, stating, "Muslims are partners in three things: pasture, water, and fire." This principle of communal sharing is foundational, yet scholars have long debated the application of this concept in the context of private or endowed property, such as a mosque. The central tension lies in balancing the charitable mandate of a mosque with the legal restrictions governing its endowment (waqf).

Jurisprudential Foundations and the Concept of Siqayah

In Islamic law, the status of mosque property is strictly defined as an endowment. This means that assets, including water facilities, are donated for specific purposes—primarily to facilitate acts of worship such as wudhu (ablution) and hygiene. However, the historical precedent of siqayah—the service of providing water to the thirsty—offers a more nuanced perspective.

During the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods in Makkah, the siqayah was a highly regarded office. Al-Abbas bin Abd al-Muttalib, the Prophet’s uncle, was responsible for ensuring that pilgrims had access to fresh water. This was not merely a logistical necessity but a moral imperative. As noted in Tafsir al-Manar, the concept of siqayah evolved to designate specific locations where water was provided to the public. The historical records of the Masjidil Haram show that these facilities were designed to alleviate the hardships of travelers and the needy, creating a precedent where the physical infrastructure of a sacred space served a vital social function.

The Role of Qarinah (Indications) in Decision Making

A critical question for modern mosque administrators is how to determine if water can be shared without violating the terms of the original endowment. According to the classic jurisprudential text Fathul Mu’in by Sheikh Zainuddin al-Malibari, the legality of using mosque resources often hinges on qarinah, or contextual indications.

If a mosque has traditionally allowed the community to access its water supply without objection from the local board or scholars, this established practice serves as a tacit authorization. In the absence of a formal prohibition, the community’s continued use of the water for drinking, cleaning, or domestic hygiene can be viewed as permissible under the assumption of implied consent for the greater good. However, this is not an absolute right; it is a conditional benefit that relies heavily on the surplus capacity of the mosque’s water system.

The Historical Crisis: The Year of Ramadah

To understand the gravity of water scarcity, one must look to the ‘Am ar-Ramadah (The Year of Ashes) during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab. Occurring around 18 Hijriah, this period was marked by a severe drought that paralyzed the region. Historical accounts from Izzuddin Ibnu Atsir describe a situation so dire that wildlife retreated into human settlements and the scarcity of food and water led to mass famine.

While the ‘Am ar-Ramadah was a state-level crisis, it serves as an ethical template for community leadership. Umar ibn al-Khattab’s famous remark, "How can I be unconcerned about the welfare of my people if I do not experience what they experience?" underscores the responsibility of leadership to prioritize the survival of the community. While this does not grant individuals the right to claim mosque property as their own, it creates a moral expectation that institutions should act as hubs of relief during times of catastrophe.

Modern Implementation: Balancing Duty and Stewardship

In contemporary settings, the management of mosque water during droughts requires a proactive, transparent approach by the Board of Trustees (Takmir). Rather than leaving the issue to spontaneous, unregulated access, modern mosques are encouraged to adopt a "Managed Distribution Model."

1. Capacity Assessment: Before opening access, the mosque administration must calculate the minimum water required for daily worship activities (ablution and cleaning). Any amount exceeding this is the potential "surplus" available for public distribution.
2. Formal Policy Setting: Administrators should issue a clear, written policy regarding water distribution. This mitigates conflict and prevents the chaotic crowding of facilities.
3. Community Engagement: By communicating the availability of water, the mosque strengthens its role as a pillar of the community, turning a potential point of conflict into a gesture of solidarity.
4. Conservation Measures: The mosque can also play a pedagogical role by providing water while simultaneously educating the public on water-saving techniques, ensuring that the limited resource is not squandered.

Broader Implications for Social Cohesion

The debate over mosque water access is emblematic of a broader challenge: how to reconcile formal property laws with the immediate needs of a suffering population. The legalistic view, which emphasizes the sanctity of the endowment, is essential for preserving the mosque’s long-term utility. However, the ethical view, which emphasizes the duty to assist those in need, is essential for the mosque’s role as a moral leader in the community.

If a mosque strictly enforces its property rights to the detriment of its neighbors who are suffering from a lack of clean water, it may fulfill its legal obligations but fail its mission of social benevolence. Conversely, if a mosque distributes water without a plan, it may jeopardize its ability to host daily prayers. The most effective solution lies in the middle path: a structured, policy-driven distribution that treats water as a communal trust managed with transparency and compassion.

Conclusion: The Mosque as a Reservoir of Relief

As climate patterns continue to fluctuate, the frequency of such crises may increase. Mosque administrations are encouraged to view their water infrastructure as a potential community asset that can be activated during emergencies. By adopting a policy of "controlled benevolence"—where the needs of the mosque and the needs of the neighborhood are balanced through thoughtful regulation—the institution honors both the letter of the law and the spirit of Islamic charity.

Ultimately, the act of providing water during a drought is more than a technical logistical operation; it is an act of preserving life. By integrating sound management with the ethical principles of siqayah, mosques can ensure they remain not only houses of worship but also sanctuaries of hope and resilience for the communities they serve. When the community is in distress, the mosque’s response serves as a testament to its commitment to the collective welfare, embodying the timeless wisdom that true piety is found in the service of humanity.