eschatological

The eschatological narratives within Islamic tradition vividly describe the advent of Dajjal, an enigmatic and deceptive figure whose appearance is considered one of the most significant major signs preceding the Day of Judgment. Central to these prophecies are explicit warnings regarding the composition of his followers, primarily identifying 70,000 Jews from Isfahan and a substantial number of women as his chief adherents. These prophetic accounts serve not merely as predictions but as profound theological warnings, urging believers to fortify their faith and discernment in the face of unparalleled deception.

The Prophetic Revelations: Identifying Dajjal’s Followers

One of the foundational Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) explicitly outlines the demographic profile of Dajjal’s followers. Narrated by Anas bin Malik, the Prophet stated: "Dajjal will be followed by 70,000 Jews from Isfahan, wearing tayalisah." (Sahih Muslim 2944). The term tayalisah refers to a type of shawl or cloak worn over the shoulders, often without seams, resembling a robe or mantle. This specific detail adds a distinctive visual identifier to this particular group of followers.

Further corroborating this, another Hadith from Uthman bin Abil ‘Ash (may Allah be pleased with him) records the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying: "The majority of Dajjal’s followers will be Jews and women." (Musnad Ahmad 4/216-217). These narrations, meticulously preserved and transmitted through generations of Islamic scholarship, underscore a specific and recurring theme in Islamic eschatology: the particular susceptibility of these two groups to Dajjal’s allure and deception.

Dajjal in Islamic Eschatology: A Figure of Ultimate Deception

To understand the significance of these followers, one must first grasp the profound role Dajjal plays in Islamic eschatology. Dajjal, often translated as "The Antichrist" or "The Impostor," is described as a human being, blind in one eye (though some narrations describe him as having a defective eye, not completely blind, with the other eye prominently glowing or protruding). He will emerge shortly before the return of Prophet Isa (Jesus Christ, peace be upon him) and will wield extraordinary, albeit temporary and deceptive, powers. His primary mission will be to mislead humanity, claiming divinity and attempting to establish a false global dominion.

The trials (fitna) brought by Dajjal are considered the greatest tribulations mankind will ever face. He will possess the ability to bring rain, make the earth yield its produce, command treasures, and perform what appear to be miracles. He will travel the world with astonishing speed, entering every city except Mecca and Medina, which will be protected by angels. His persuasive rhetoric and false wonders will draw many towards him, leading them astray from the true path of Allah. The prophecies emphasize that only those with strong faith, deep knowledge, and unwavering conviction will be able to resist his deception.

The Jewish Connection: A Messianic Misinterpretation

The explicit mention of 70,000 Jews from Isfahan as primary followers of Dajjal warrants a deeper exploration, particularly concerning the existing messianic expectations within Judaism. In Jewish tradition, there is a fervent belief in the coming of the Messiah, known as "Mashiach" (Anointed One), who will be a descendant of King David (hence, Al-Masih bin Dawud, as mentioned in the original text). This Messiah is expected to be a righteous king who will gather the exiles, rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem, usher in an era of universal peace, and ultimately bring about the redemption of Israel and the world.

The prophetic description of Dajjal’s powers and his claim to divinity could, from a certain perspective, tragically align with a misinterpretation of messianic signs for those who are not discerning. Dajjal will present himself as a powerful leader, capable of performing wonders and establishing dominance. For some within Jewish communities, particularly those who might be misled by external displays of power and a perceived restoration of glory, Dajjal’s appearance could be mistaken for the long-awaited Messiah. This tragic misidentification is a core element of the prophecy, highlighting the danger of focusing solely on worldly power and superficial signs rather than the true spiritual essence of faith and divine guidance.

The city of Isfahan, located in present-day Iran, holds historical significance for its long-standing Jewish community. Throughout centuries, Jewish communities have thrived in various parts of the Middle East, including Persia. The specificity of "70,000 Jews from Isfahan" in the Hadith indicates a particular concentration or group that will be prominent among Dajjal’s initial and most fervent supporters. This detail is not meant to condemn all Jewish people but to warn of a specific group that will be particularly susceptible to his deception, perhaps due to a unique interpretation of their own prophecies or a desire for a worldly redeemer.

The Susceptibility of Women: A Prophetic Warning

The inclusion of women as a majority among Dajjal’s followers is another significant aspect of the prophecy. Islamic scholars and commentators have offered various interpretations for this, often rooted in societal observations and human psychology. It is generally understood not as an inherent flaw in women, but rather a warning about certain human vulnerabilities that Dajjal will exploit.

• Emotional Susceptibility: Women are sometimes perceived as being more emotionally driven and compassionate, which Dajjal might exploit through his displays of false empathy or by appearing to alleviate suffering. His ability to bring abundance or inflict hardship could sway those seeking immediate relief or security for their families.
• Desire for Worldly Comforts and Adornments: Dajjal will offer immense worldly wealth, comfort, and luxurious adornments to his followers. In various societies, women, particularly in the past, were often more confined to domestic spheres and might be perceived as having a greater inclination towards securing material comforts for their households or being attracted to outward displays of wealth and status. The Hadith also mentions men having to tie their wives, daughters, and sisters to prevent them from rushing out to see Dajjal due to intense curiosity or the desire for what he offers.
• Curiosity and Influence: The spectacle and extraordinary nature of Dajjal’s claims and "miracles" could also attract a high degree of curiosity, leading many, including women, to seek him out. The Hadith suggests that this curiosity, coupled with the allure of his false promises, could lead to widespread adherence.

It is crucial to emphasize that this prophetic warning is not a condemnation of women but a cautionary tale for all believers, irrespective of gender, regarding the dangers of worldly temptations and the importance of firm faith. The trials of Dajjal are designed to test the very core of one’s belief, and the Hadith highlights specific demographic groups that will be particularly challenged.

The Chronology of Dajjal’s Appearance and Demise

While precise dates remain unknown, Islamic prophecies provide a sequence of events surrounding Dajjal’s appearance:

1. Minor Signs: The period leading up to Dajjal’s emergence will be characterized by numerous minor signs of the Day of Judgment, many of which scholars interpret as already manifesting or having manifested in modern times (e.g., widespread corruption, moral decay, technological advancements, breakdown of family structures, proliferation of falsehoods).
2. The Great Famine: Some narrations suggest a severe famine will precede Dajjal’s arrival, making his ability to produce food and water a powerful temptation.
3. Emergence from the East: Dajjal is prophesied to emerge from the East, specifically between Syria and Iraq, or from Khorasan (a historical region encompassing parts of modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia).
4. Global Travel and Deception: He will traverse the world, spreading his deception, claiming godhood, and performing false miracles. He will enter every land except Mecca and Medina, which will be guarded by angels.
5. The Rise of His Followers: During his reign, he will gather a vast army, including the aforementioned Jews from Isfahan and numerous women, alongside Bedouins and others who are swayed by his material offerings and false wonders.
6. The Descent of Prophet Isa (Jesus): At the height of Dajjal’s reign of terror, Prophet Isa (Jesus, peace be upon him) will descend to Earth near a white minaret in Damascus.
7. Dajjal’s Demise: Prophet Isa will then pursue Dajjal and kill him at the Gate of Ludd (Lod, near present-day Tel Aviv in Israel). Dajjal will melt away like salt in water upon seeing Isa.
8. Aftermath: Following Dajjal’s death, Prophet Isa will break the cross, kill the swine, abolish the Jizya tax (signifying the triumph of Islam), and rule justly, ushering in a period of peace and prosperity.

Protections Against Dajjal’s Fitna

Given the immense nature of Dajjal’s deception, Islamic teachings emphasize several crucial protections:

• Seeking Refuge in Allah: Constant supplication (dua) to Allah for protection from Dajjal’s trials is paramount. The Prophet Muhammad taught specific prayers to be recited, particularly after the final tashahhud in prayers, which include seeking refuge from the torment of Hellfire, the torment of the grave, the trials of life and death, and the evil of the Dajjal.
• Recitation of Surah Al-Kahf: The first ten verses and the last ten verses of Surah Al-Kahf (Chapter 18 of the Quran) are specifically mentioned as a powerful protection against Dajjal. Muslims are encouraged to memorize and recite these verses regularly.
• Firmness of Faith and Knowledge: A deep understanding of Islamic monotheism (Tawhid) and the attributes of Allah is essential. Dajjal, despite his powers, will be visibly flawed (one-eyed) and will claim divinity while being unable to hide his human imperfections. A true believer knows that Allah is perfect and utterly free from such defects.
• Avoiding Dajjal: The Prophet advised believers to stay away from Dajjal as much as possible, as even those with strong faith might be swayed by his deceptive powers if they encounter him directly.
• Living in Mecca and Medina: These two holy cities will be impenetrable to Dajjal, offering a sanctuary for believers during his reign.

Scholarly Interpretations and Broader Implications

Modern Islamic scholarship approaches these prophecies with a blend of literal interpretation and a focus on their timeless spiritual lessons. While many scholars anticipate a literal Dajjal figure as described, others emphasize the metaphorical dimensions of his "fitna" (trial). They suggest that Dajjal represents the ultimate embodiment of materialism, false ideologies, and deceptive narratives that challenge faith in every era. In this broader sense, the warnings about Dajjal’s followers serve as a constant reminder to:

• Discern Truth from Falsehood: The ability to distinguish between genuine divine guidance and worldly deception is a perpetual struggle. Dajjal’s trials are the ultimate test of this discernment.
• Prioritize the Hereafter over Worldly Gains: Dajjal’s appeal often lies in his ability to offer immediate worldly gratification. The prophecies remind believers that true success lies in adhering to principles that transcend transient material benefits.
• Strengthen Community Bonds: The need for collective vigilance, mutual support, and adherence to scholarly guidance becomes even more critical in times of widespread confusion and deception.

The prophecies concerning Dajjal’s followers are not merely historical or futuristic predictions; they are profound ethical and theological warnings. They highlight the dangers of misinterpreting religious texts, succumbing to worldly temptations, and failing to discern the true signs of Allah from the deceptions of falsehood. By detailing the specific demographics of his primary adherents—the 70,000 Jews from Isfahan wearing tayalisah and the majority of women—Islamic tradition provides critical insights into the vulnerabilities Dajjal will exploit, urging all believers to cultivate unwavering faith, deep knowledge, and spiritual vigilance in preparation for the greatest trial humanity will ever face. These narratives serve as a cornerstone of Islamic eschatology, reinforcing the importance of steadfastness in faith and constant remembrance of Allah in the face of ultimate deception.