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Sukabumi Public Transport Innovates with LPG Fuel Conversion to Combat Rising Operational Costs

by Dwi Wanna
written by Dwi Wanna

A remarkable innovation is emerging from Sukabumi, West Java, as a local public minivan, commonly known as an "angkot," has been successfully modified to run on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) instead of traditional gasoline. This pioneering initiative by a resourceful driver aims to mitigate the persistent challenge of escalating operational expenses, a significant concern for public transportation operators across the region. The modified angkot, serving the Sukaraja-Kota Sukabumi route, appears outwardly indistinguishable from its gasoline-powered counterparts, maintaining the same external appearance and engine sound, a testament to the seamless integration of the new fuel system.

The Ingenious Conversion

Beneath its familiar facade, this particular angkot is now powered by 3-kilogram LPG cylinders, colloquially referred to as "gas melon" or "melon gas" due to their distinctive green color and size. Two of these LPG tanks are strategically installed beneath the dashboard, acting as the primary energy source for the vehicle’s engine. This clever adaptation represents a significant departure from conventional fuel sources and highlights the driver’s ingenuity in seeking sustainable and cost-effective solutions.

The driver behind this innovative conversion, Hendra Irawan, revealed that his decision was influenced by observing the success of fellow drivers who had already adopted LPG as a fuel. Witnessing firsthand the proven economic benefits, Irawan felt compelled to replicate the experiment, driven by the need to maintain profitability in an increasingly challenging economic climate. He stated that the conversion has demonstrably led to substantial savings in daily operational expenditures.

Economic Imperatives Driving the Change

Viral Angkot Pakai Gas Melon di Sukabumi, Inovasi Sopir di Tengah Kekhawatiran Kenaikan Harga BBM

The surge in fuel prices, particularly for gasoline, has placed immense pressure on the livelihoods of angkot drivers. For many, these vehicles are not just a means of transport but their sole source of income. The escalating cost of fuel directly impacts their profit margins, making it difficult to sustain their businesses and provide for their families. This economic reality has spurred a wave of creative problem-solving within the public transport sector, with drivers actively seeking alternatives that can reduce their overheads without compromising service quality or safety.

Hendra Irawan’s adoption of LPG is a prime example of this adaptive spirit. While the exact cost savings can vary depending on driving patterns and fuel efficiency, anecdotal evidence from drivers who have made similar conversions suggests that LPG can be significantly cheaper than gasoline. In the case of Irawan’s angkot, daily operations consume two 3-kilogram LPG cylinders. Each cylinder is reportedly sufficient to cover approximately four round trips, a performance metric that underscores the economic viability of this alternative fuel source. This translates into a noticeable reduction in daily fuel expenditure, allowing drivers to retain a larger portion of their earnings.

Background and Context of Public Transport in Sukabumi

Public transportation in Sukabumi, as in many Indonesian cities, relies heavily on angkots. These minibuses are an integral part of the urban landscape, providing affordable and accessible mobility for a wide segment of the population. The routes are typically fixed, connecting various residential areas with commercial centers, schools, and other key destinations. The operational model often involves individual drivers or small cooperatives managing a fleet of vehicles.

The sustainability of this sector is closely tied to the price of fuel. Fluctuations in global oil prices and domestic fuel subsidies can have a direct and immediate impact on the profitability of angkot operations. Historically, drivers have faced challenges such as fare resistance from passengers when attempting to pass on increased costs, as well as competition from ride-sharing services and private vehicles. This has created a continuous need for efficiency improvements and cost-reduction strategies.

The exploration of alternative fuels is not entirely new in the Indonesian context. Discussions around natural gas vehicles and biofuels have been ongoing for years, often driven by government initiatives to promote cleaner energy and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. However, the practical implementation at the grassroots level, particularly within the informal sector like angkot operations, often depends on the ingenuity and financial capacity of individual drivers or small groups.

Viral Angkot Pakai Gas Melon di Sukabumi, Inovasi Sopir di Tengah Kekhawatiran Kenaikan Harga BBM

The LPG Conversion: Technical Aspects and Safety Considerations

The modification of a gasoline-powered engine to run on LPG typically involves the installation of an LPG conversion kit. This kit includes components such as an LPG tank, a regulator, a mixer or injector system, and associated piping and safety valves. The system is designed to allow the engine to seamlessly switch between gasoline and LPG, or in some cases, run exclusively on LPG.

For Hendra Irawan’s angkot, the installation of two 3-kilogram LPG cylinders under the dashboard suggests a dual-tank system, potentially offering a combined capacity that extends the vehicle’s range between refueling. The placement of the tanks is crucial for safety and weight distribution. Regulatory bodies often have specific guidelines regarding the installation of LPG systems in vehicles to ensure compliance with safety standards.

Safety is paramount when dealing with any fuel conversion, especially one involving a potentially flammable gas. Reputable conversion workshops adhere to strict safety protocols, ensuring that all components are properly installed, leak-tested, and integrated with the vehicle’s existing safety systems. The use of certified components and the expertise of trained technicians are critical to minimizing risks. While LPG is flammable, it is generally considered a safer fuel than gasoline when handled and stored correctly due to its lower volatility.

Reactions and Potential Implications

The viral nature of this innovation has sparked considerable interest and discussion. While direct official statements from transport authorities in Sukabumi regarding this specific conversion were not immediately available, such initiatives often receive a mixed response. On one hand, authorities may view it as a positive step towards promoting fuel efficiency and potentially reducing emissions. On the other hand, there may be concerns about ensuring that the conversions meet safety and environmental regulations, and that the long-term implications for vehicle maintenance and roadworthiness are properly assessed.

Viral Angkot Pakai Gas Melon di Sukabumi, Inovasi Sopir di Tengah Kekhawatiran Kenaikan Harga BBM

If successful and widely adopted, this LPG conversion trend could have several significant implications:

  • Economic Relief for Drivers: The most immediate impact would be a substantial reduction in operating costs for angkot drivers, leading to improved financial stability and potentially higher earnings.
  • Potential Fare Stabilization: With reduced fuel expenses, drivers might be less inclined to increase fares, providing a much-needed reprieve for commuters who are also grappling with rising living costs.
  • Environmental Benefits: LPG generally burns cleaner than gasoline, producing fewer harmful emissions like carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. A widespread shift could contribute to improved air quality in urban areas.
  • Reduced Reliance on Gasoline: Increased adoption of LPG could lead to a marginal decrease in the overall demand for gasoline, potentially impacting local fuel consumption patterns.
  • Catalyst for Further Innovation: This successful grassroots innovation could inspire other drivers and transport operators to explore similar cost-saving and sustainable fuel alternatives. It may also encourage local mechanics and workshops to develop expertise in LPG conversion services.
  • Policy Considerations: The emergence of such practical, low-cost solutions might prompt local governments and transportation agencies to review their policies on alternative fuels and potentially offer support or incentives for drivers who adopt cleaner and more economical technologies.

Challenges and Future Outlook

Despite the promising aspects, challenges remain. The availability and price stability of LPG are crucial factors. While currently more affordable than gasoline, fluctuations in LPG prices could impact the long-term viability of this solution. Furthermore, the availability of qualified technicians for conversions and maintenance is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of these modified vehicles.

The long-term durability of engines running on LPG also needs to be carefully monitored. While generally compatible, some components may experience different wear rates compared to gasoline operation. Regular and specialized maintenance will be key to ensuring the longevity of the converted vehicles.

The story of Hendra Irawan’s LPG-powered angkot is a compelling narrative of resourcefulness and adaptation in the face of economic adversity. It underscores the critical role of innovation at the local level in addressing systemic challenges. As this trend potentially gains momentum, it will be important for stakeholders, including drivers, mechanics, and authorities, to collaborate to ensure that these advancements are safe, sustainable, and ultimately beneficial for the entire community. The success of this Sukabumi angkot serves as a potent reminder that solutions to complex problems can often be found in the most unexpected, and ingenious, places. The journey of this modified vehicle from a local curiosity to a potential model for others highlights the dynamic and evolving nature of public transportation in Indonesia, driven by the persistent pursuit of efficiency and economic resilience.

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Business and Finance

TransJakarta Electric Buses Poised to Deliver Billions in Savings and Environmental Benefits, Offsetting Higher Initial Costs

by Rifan Muazin
written by Rifan Muazin

JAKARTA – A single electric bus operating within Jakarta’s expansive TransJakarta public transportation network is projected to save the Indonesian government approximately Rp302 million (approximately USD 19,000) annually in fuel subsidies. This significant figure represents just one facet of the substantial economic and environmental advantages associated with the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in public transit. When considering a comprehensive array of operational aspects, including energy and maintenance efficiencies, the cumulative cost savings over a 5.5-year operational period for a single electric bus could reach an astonishing Rp3.99 billion (approximately USD 250,000), a sum nearly equivalent to the current purchase price of a new 12-meter electric bus itself.

These compelling financial projections were unveiled by Gatot Indra Koswara, Principal Specialist for Transformation and Change Management at TransJakarta, during a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) held in Jakarta on Wednesday, April 15, 2026. The discussion, which brought together the Strategic Transportation Initiative (Instran) and PT Kalista Nusa Armada, highlighted the strategic imperative and economic viability of electrifying Jakarta’s bus fleet, despite the higher initial capital expenditure associated with electric vehicles.

Deconstructing the Savings: A Deep Dive into Fiscal Efficiency

The cornerstone of the calculated savings lies in the stark difference between subsidized and commercial fuel prices, coupled with the inherent operational efficiencies of electric propulsion. Gatot Indra Koswara detailed the methodology, which assumes a subsidized diesel (solar) price of Rp6,800 per liter, contrasted with commercial-grade diesel (Dexlite) at approximately Rp14,500 per liter. This differential of Rp7,700 per liter forms the basis of the government’s subsidy burden.

A conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) TransJakarta bus typically covers an impressive 78,475 kilometers per year. With an average fuel efficiency of 2 kilometers per liter, such a bus consumes approximately 39,238 liters of diesel annually. By converting this consumption to the non-subsidized price, the potential subsidy expenditure that the government avoids by using an electric bus is calculated at roughly Rp302 million per unit per year. This figure underscores the substantial fiscal relief that a large-scale transition could offer the central government, reducing the financial strain of supporting public and commercial transportation fuel costs.

Beyond the direct fuel subsidy relief at the central government level, TransJakarta’s analysis also identified significant cost efficiencies accruing to the provincial government, particularly in energy and maintenance expenditures.

From an energy perspective, the operational cost of an ICE bus is pegged at approximately Rp3,400 per kilometer. In stark contrast, an electric bus incurs an energy cost of only about Rp800 per kilometer, based on an electricity tariff of Rp731 per kWh and the respective energy efficiencies of each vehicle type. This substantial difference translates into an annual saving of approximately Rp204 million per unit for the provincial government. This saving reflects not only the lower unit cost of electricity compared to diesel but also the superior energy conversion efficiency of electric powertrains.

Furthermore, maintenance costs present another significant area of savings. ICE buses are estimated to require around Rp5,400 per kilometer in maintenance, encompassing regular servicing, engine overhauls, and replacement of numerous mechanical components. Electric buses, with their simpler drivetrains and fewer moving parts, demand considerably less maintenance, with costs estimated at approximately Rp2,600 per kilometer. This disparity yields an additional annual saving of approximately Rp219.7 million per unit. The reduced complexity of electric motors and the absence of an intricate exhaust system, fuel injection systems, and multi-speed transmissions significantly lower the frequency and cost of repairs.

When all these components of savings – fuel subsidy, operational energy, and maintenance – are aggregated, the total efficiency realized by TransJakarta becomes truly transformative. Over a period of just 5.5 years, the cumulative savings per electric bus are projected to reach Rp3.99 billion. As Gatot Indra Koswara emphasized, this sum is equivalent to the current market price of a new 12-meter electric bus, effectively demonstrating that the initial higher investment in electric vehicles is fully recouped through operational savings within a relatively short timeframe. This long-term cost-effectiveness presents a compelling argument for accelerated electrification of public transport fleets, not just in Jakarta but across urban centers grappling with similar fiscal and environmental challenges.

The Broader Context: Jakarta’s Urban Transport and Indonesia’s Green Ambitions

TransJakarta, established in 2004, stands as one of the longest and busiest Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in the world, serving millions of commuters daily across Indonesia’s sprawling capital. Jakarta, a megacity of over 10 million people, faces chronic traffic congestion and severe air pollution, consistently ranking among the most polluted cities globally. Emissions from the vast number of private and public vehicles are a primary contributor to this environmental crisis, leading to significant public health concerns.

Indonesia, as a signatory to the Paris Agreement, has committed to ambitious climate targets, including reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 29% independently and up to 41% with international assistance by 2030. A key pillar of this commitment is the acceleration of the energy transition and the promotion of electric vehicles. The government has introduced various incentives, including tax breaks and local content requirements, to stimulate the domestic EV industry and encourage adoption. President Joko Widodo has repeatedly underscored the importance of transitioning to electric vehicles, not only for environmental reasons but also to reduce the nation’s reliance on fossil fuel imports and enhance energy security. The push for electric public transport aligns perfectly with these national strategic goals.

A Global Perspective: Electric Bus Adoption Worldwide

Jakarta’s move towards an electric bus fleet is part of a growing global trend among megacities seeking sustainable urban mobility solutions. Cities like Shenzhen, China, have famously achieved a 100% electric bus fleet, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of such a transition on a massive scale. London, Santiago, and various European cities are also rapidly electrifying their public transport networks, driven by commitments to improve air quality, reduce carbon emissions, and lower operational costs in the long run.

These global examples highlight several key benefits:

  • Reduced Emissions: Electric buses produce zero tailpipe emissions, directly contributing to cleaner urban air and mitigating climate change.
  • Noise Reduction: Electric buses operate much more quietly than diesel buses, improving the urban soundscape and reducing noise pollution.
  • Lower Running Costs: As evidenced by TransJakarta’s calculations, the cost of electricity is generally lower and more stable than fossil fuels, leading to significant operational savings.
  • Enhanced Passenger Experience: Quieter, smoother rides contribute to a more pleasant commuting experience.

However, the global experience also points to challenges, including the initial high capital cost of electric buses, the need for robust charging infrastructure, and the management of battery lifecycles. Nevertheless, advancements in battery technology, falling battery prices, and innovative financing models are continuously making electric bus adoption more attractive and scalable.

TransJakarta’s Electrification Journey: Timeline and Strategy

TransJakarta’s journey towards electrification began with pilot programs and trials to assess the performance and suitability of various electric bus models in Jakarta’s demanding urban environment. These initial phases provided crucial data on range, charging requirements, operational reliability, and passenger acceptance. The positive outcomes from these trials laid the groundwork for a more ambitious procurement strategy.

In 2021, TransJakarta officially launched its first electric buses into regular service, marking a pivotal moment in its modernization efforts. The company has set ambitious targets for fleet electrification, aiming to have a significant portion of its fleet, potentially all of it, converted to electric by 2030. This strategy involves phased procurement, with ongoing tenders for hundreds of electric buses from both local and international manufacturers.

The development of robust charging infrastructure is a critical component of this strategy. TransJakarta is collaborating with various stakeholders to establish charging depots capable of accommodating a large number of buses, often utilizing fast-charging technology to minimize downtime. The integration of renewable energy sources for these charging stations is also being explored to maximize the environmental benefits of the transition. Partnerships with local manufacturers and technology providers are crucial not only for procurement but also for fostering local expertise in EV maintenance and potentially local production, aligning with Indonesia’s broader industrial development goals.

Beyond the Numbers: Environmental and Social Dividends

While the financial savings are substantial and compelling, the adoption of electric buses by TransJakarta yields an array of equally vital environmental and social dividends:

  • Air Quality Improvement: The direct elimination of tailpipe emissions from buses—including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and volatile organic compounds—will significantly contribute to reducing smog and improving air quality in Jakarta. This has direct, positive impacts on public health, reducing respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and other conditions linked to air pollution.
  • Noise Pollution Reduction: The inherent quietness of electric vehicles will dramatically reduce noise pollution in a city often characterized by its cacophony. This improvement in the urban soundscape enhances the quality of life for residents, particularly those living along bus routes, and contributes to a less stressful urban environment.
  • Carbon Emission Reduction: By shifting away from diesel fuel, TransJakarta’s electric buses will substantially lower the city’s carbon footprint, playing a crucial role in Indonesia’s efforts to mitigate climate change and achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. If the electricity used for charging comes from renewable sources, the carbon benefits are even greater.
  • Energy Security: Reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels for public transport enhances Indonesia’s energy security and shields the national economy from volatile global oil prices. It promotes greater utilization of domestically produced electricity, which can increasingly be generated from renewable sources.
  • Innovation and Economic Growth: The transition to electric buses stimulates the growth of the domestic electric vehicle industry, from manufacturing and assembly to component supply and charging infrastructure development. This fosters job creation in green sectors, encourages technological innovation, and positions Indonesia as a key player in the regional EV market.

Navigating the Road Ahead: Challenges and Policy Support

Despite the clear benefits, the path to full electrification is not without its challenges. The initial capital investment remains a significant hurdle, as electric buses are currently more expensive to purchase than their diesel counterparts. Overcoming this requires sustained government funding, innovative financing mechanisms such as green bonds or public-private partnerships, and potentially international climate finance.

The development of a comprehensive and scalable charging infrastructure is paramount. This includes not only building charging stations at depots but also ensuring grid stability and capacity to handle increased electricity demand. Integrating renewable energy sources into the charging network will be key to maximizing environmental benefits.

Technological evolution in battery chemistry and energy density will continue to play a role in improving range and reducing costs. Furthermore, developing local expertise in the maintenance and repair of electric buses and their sophisticated battery management systems is essential for long-term operational success. Consistent and supportive policy frameworks, including clear regulations, incentives for adoption, and standardization of charging interfaces, are crucial to accelerate the transition. Educating the public and fostering acceptance of electric public transport will also be vital to ensure sustained ridership and community support.

Official and Expert Reactions

While specific new statements were not provided, the implications of these findings are likely to draw strong support from various stakeholders. Government officials, particularly from the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, would undoubtedly welcome the substantial fiscal savings on fuel subsidies and the enhanced energy security. These findings would reinforce the government’s broader strategy for accelerating EV adoption and transitioning to cleaner energy.

Environmental advocacy groups would hail the move as a critical step towards improving Jakarta’s notoriously poor air quality and reducing the city’s carbon footprint. They would likely call for an even faster pace of electrification and emphasize the urgent need to address urban pollution for public health.

Industry analysts and manufacturers would view TransJakarta’s commitment as a significant market signal, potentially spurring further investment in local EV manufacturing and related infrastructure. The long-term cost savings demonstrated by TransJakarta could serve as a powerful case study for other cities in Indonesia and Southeast Asia considering similar transitions.

Conclusion: A Transformative Shift for Jakarta and Beyond

TransJakarta’s comprehensive analysis unequivocally demonstrates that electric buses, despite their higher upfront cost, represent a financially astute and environmentally responsible investment for urban public transport. The multi-billion rupiah savings over their operational lifespan, coupled with profound environmental benefits such as cleaner air, reduced noise, and lower carbon emissions, position electric buses as a cornerstone of Jakarta’s sustainable future. This transformative shift not only addresses the immediate challenges of urban pollution and fiscal strain but also aligns Indonesia with global efforts to combat climate change and foster a greener economy. By embracing electric mobility, TransJakarta is setting a powerful precedent, not just for the nation’s capital but for urban centers across the region, paving the way for a more sustainable, efficient, and healthier future for millions.

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